Efe fathers: one among many? A comparison of forager children's involvement with fathers and other males

The study reported describes Efe (pygmy) forager one-, two-, and three-year-olds' involvement with males. The Efe of northeastern Zaïre were chosen because their social organization allows us to examine hypotheses based on studies in Western, technologically complex societies about the distinctive role fathers play in the lives of their young children. Behavioral observations of Efe children's day-to-day activities with fathers, men and boys were recorded using a focal subject sampling technique (Altmann, 1974). Two behavioral measures were created to capture the extent to which males were involved with children: Social engagement describes males' involvement with children and social attention describes eavesdropping by children on males' everyday activities. Eight one-year-olds, 7 two-year-olds and 8 three-year-olds were each observed for six, one-hour observation sessions that were distributed evenly over the daylight hours. Data were analyzed using the traditional measure of involvement (e.g., adult males) and using a newly developed measure of the involvement of the average individual (e.g., average adult mate). Comparisons at each of the ages showed that fathers were consistently like other men in the extent to which children participated in social activities with them and watched their activities. Only fathers' level of social engagement declined significantly as children grew older. Boys' role relative to other males became increasingly distinctive as children aged. The findings suggest that Efe fathers may not be unique in the same sense assumed by Western study ideals, and raise questions about the special status given to fathers in Western theory and data. The patterning of mate involvement with children is discussed in terms of Efe community life, and in terms of Efe children's developing understanding of their relationship with fathers and other males.     

二阶非线性微分方程解的振动性和渐近性

讨论了二阶非线性常微分方程(α(t)(?)(x)x′)′+q(t)f(x)=r(t)的解的振动性和渐近性.获得了有关该方程的五个新的定理.     

论西部开发中区域货币金融政策的选择

西部经济发展落后的重要原因之一在于资金的短缺.要发展西部经济,缩小东西部差距,有必要制定区域(差别)货币金融政策,包括差别再贷款权政策、差别存款准备金率和贴现率政策、差别利率政策以及在西部开发中试行资本项目可兑换政策和积极培育西部资本市场,发展区域金融中心等.     

关于在道德教育中引进隐性教育方式的思考

21世纪的道德教育,必须在方法上实现更新。文章认为,传统的显性教育在现代大学生道德教育中已显示出某些不足。为强化道德教育的效力,应当在德育教育中引进隐性教育,并使二者有机地结合起来。这应当是道德教育的发展方向。     

论魏晋南北朝时期儒学的衰落

魏晋南北朝时期是我国学术思想多元化发展时期。期间玄学兴盛,佛道流行,而在两汉居于统治思想地位的儒学却衰落不堪。本文从魏晋南北朝时期的社会特点、学术思想盛衰消长的客观情势以及儒学自身的状况去探究儒学衰落的原因,以有助于总结思想史发展的一般规律。     

协同运输管理运行机制研究

协同运输管理是在CPFR基础上发展起来的一种供应链管理方法。它通过降低供应链中的运输成本、缩短商品交付时间和提高准时交货率,实现供应链价值的最大化。协同运输管理的有效实施,需要建立完善的运行机制,包括动力机制、约束机制、实际行为和惩罚机制,并配备相应的软硬件条件。     

应用型本科机械设计制造及自动化专业人才培养方案研究

本文针对应用型本科机械设计制造及其自动化专业如何培养当今社会急缺的高技能复合型人才问题作了探索与研究,提出了新的课程体系与培养方案。     

从“现代化”到“现代性” :二十世纪中国 文学研究思路的转型

文章认为,中国现代文学研究的话语范型在二十世纪八、九十年代发生了重大转型,即由八十年代的以启蒙主义作为价值准则的"现代化"到九十年代对"现代性"进行全面反思的"文学现代性"。这一转型意味着我们对现代文学的认识和价值评判更趋多元化,有助于我们从更为广阔的视野中去揭示现代文学中一度"被压抑的现代性",但同时我们也要警惕"现代性"话语的遮蔽性,讨论中国现代文学的"现代性"一定要考虑到它发生的特殊语境、历史进程的具体性和文学文本所呈现的复杂、多样甚至悖论性的"现代性"内涵。     

EXCEL的广泛应用

EXCEL电子表格处理数据的功能强大,应用简单且广泛,本文用两个例子具体阐述了EXCEL两个方面的功能。