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41.
建立题库:教考分离的有效手段 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
朱耀萍 《山西煤炭管理干部学院学报》2002,15(4):35-36
教考分离已成为目前教学改革的一个发展方向。建立题库正是改革传统考试制度 ,实现教考分离的一种有效手段。 相似文献
42.
N Cummings 《Journal of American college health : J of ACH》1992,40(4):183-188
This article explores the effectiveness of self-defense training for college women. Advocates of self-defense training believe these courses will not only provide women with the physical survival techniques necessary to repel attacks effectively, but that this kind of training will also help to prevent future violence by developing traits such as assertiveness and confidence in individuals. There is evidence that women who convey such characteristics are less likely to be victimized. Opponents argue that self-defense training does not properly prepare women for an attack, does not adequately address acquaintance rape threats, and can provide a dangerous false sense of security to students. This article reviews the relevant literature, outlines practical suggestions for initiatives in this area, and describes a model self-defense course at one university. Guidelines for evaluation and implications for university policy and program decisions that address violence against women on college campuses are included. 相似文献
43.
In this paper, the notion of average total inspection (ATI) is introduced to ChSP-4(c1,c2) sampling plans. Procedures have been developed for the construction and selection of ChSP-4(c1, c2 plans, minimizing ATI at a given process average, while protection to the consumer is given in terms of the (i) average outgoing quality limit and (ii) limiting quality level.A wide range of c1 and c2 values are considered for developing tables which cover almost all practical situations. The procedure described is similar to that of Dodge and Romig. 相似文献
44.
唐竹 《齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2003,(6):107-108
培养学生用英语进行交际的能力是大学英语教学的重点。要提高学生的交际能力 ,就要注意学生听说能力的培养 ,这需要我们教师从课堂教学入手。 相似文献
45.
The benchmark dose (BMD) is an exposure level that would induce a small risk increase (BMR level) above the background. The BMD approach to deriving a reference dose for risk assessment of noncancer effects is advantageous in that the estimate of BMD is not restricted to experimental doses and utilizes most available dose-response information. To quantify statistical uncertainty of a BMD estimate, we often calculate and report its lower confidence limit (i.e., BMDL), and may even consider it as a more conservative alternative to BMD itself. Computation of BMDL may involve normal confidence limits to BMD in conjunction with the delta method. Therefore, factors, such as small sample size and nonlinearity in model parameters, can affect the performance of the delta method BMDL, and alternative methods are useful. In this article, we propose a bootstrap method to estimate BMDL utilizing a scheme that consists of a resampling of residuals after model fitting and a one-step formula for parameter estimation. We illustrate the method with clustered binary data from developmental toxicity experiments. Our analysis shows that with moderately elevated dose-response data, the distribution of BMD estimator tends to be left-skewed and bootstrap BMDL s are smaller than the delta method BMDL s on average, hence quantifying risk more conservatively. Statistically, the bootstrap BMDL quantifies the uncertainty of the true BMD more honestly than the delta method BMDL as its coverage probability is closer to the nominal level than that of delta method BMDL. We find that BMD and BMDL estimates are generally insensitive to model choices provided that the models fit the data comparably well near the region of BMD. Our analysis also suggests that, in the presence of a significant and moderately strong dose-response relationship, the developmental toxicity experiments under the standard protocol support dose-response assessment at 5% BMR for BMD and 95% confidence level for BMDL. 相似文献
46.
Mayer N. Zald 《Sociological Forum》1995,10(3):455-479
What do we mean by progress and cumulation in the social and human sciences? Recent thinking in the philosophy and history of science has led to an abandonment of some versions of logical positivism and of verificationism that had a strong deductive and theory testing orientation. What is to replace them is less clear. This paper argues that progress and cumulation can be seen as a process of evaluation and retention within an epistemic community. Scholarly disciplines differ in their social structure and in their epistemic and normative commitments. Since sociology is a fragmented discipline, progress and cumulation differ within its multiple subdisciplines, which to varying extents represent epistemic communities. Brief sketches of progress (advance) and cumulation in several subdisciplines are offered. 相似文献
47.
The skin is a route of exposure that needs to be considered when conducting a risk assessment. It is necessary to identify the potential for dermal penetration by a chemical as well as to determine the overall importance of the dermal route of exposure as compared with inhalation or oral routes of exposure. The physical state of the chemical, vapor or liquid, the concentration, neat or dilute, and the vehicle, lipid or aqueous, is also important. Dermal risk is related to the product of the amounts of penetration and toxicity. Toxicity involves local effects on the skin itself and the potential for systemic effects. Dermal penetration is described in large part by the permeability constant. When permeability constants are not known, partition coefficients can be used to estimate a chemical's potential to permeate the skin. With these concepts in mind, a tiered approach is proposed for dermal risk assessment. A key first step is the determination of a skin-to-air or skin-to-medium partition coefficient to estimate a potential for dermal absorption. Building a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model is another step in the tiered approach and is useful prior to classical in vivo toxicity tests. A PBPK model can be used to determine a permeability constant for a chemical as well as to show the distribution of the chemical systemically. A detailed understanding of species differences in the structure and function of the skin and how they relate to differences in penetration rates is necessary in order to extrapolate animal data from PBPK models to the human. A study is in progress to examine anatomical differences for four species. 相似文献
48.
Are the decisions of American policymakers informed by generaltrends in the publics ideology or by the publicspolicy-specific preferences? In this article we discuss twoexplanations for the types of public opinion information thatpoliticians collect and use. Using a unique data set of privatepolls from the White House of Richard Nixon, we find that whenopinion data on specific policies were available, the presidentrelied on them and not on general ideology data. On less importantissues, however, we find that the president often chose notto collect policy-specific data and instead relied on generalideology data. The differential collection and use of informationby policymakers reflect varying strategic calculations. Theyalso have profound implications for representative democracyand the demands placed on citizens and governors. 相似文献
49.
:以费秀元、费金绶父子为首的周庄枪匪集团 ,是清末太湖地区众多枪匪中势力较大的一支。费氏通过捐输取得官衔、功名 ,约束土匪劣性 ,获地主士绅和清政府的支持。太平军攻占苏州后 ,该集团负隅顽抗 ,继而被迫假意受抚 ,最终公开投降清军。在李鸿章率淮军攻占太平天国苏福省的战斗中 ,周庄枪匪绘呈地图、担任向导、随军作战 ,出力颇巨 ,后为李鸿章收编。 相似文献
50.
本文报道鸭人工感染鸭疫里默氏杆菌后主要免疫器官的病理组织学研究结果 ,发现法氏囊、脾脏病理变化严重 ,胸腺的病变较轻微 ,血清中γ -球蛋白含量显著下降。结果表明 :鸭传染性浆膜炎对体液免疫功能有较大的影响 相似文献