环境损害责任与全球环境法的兴起

全球环境法是在全球化的背景下随着环境法律移植和创新的深入发展而得以产生和演进的,其中,全球环境损害责任制度堪为缩影和写照。在国内法层面,为了克服污染受害者起诉污染者承担损害赔偿责任的制度性障碍,一些国家采取了放宽因果关系证明要求和转移举证责任等多种因应措施。然而,在国际层面,对于针对美国跨国公司在国外的环境侵权行为的诉讼,美国法院往往以不方便美国法院原则、适用《外国人侵权法》在美国起诉须以被告违反国际法为条件、非居民外国人不具备审慎起诉资格等为由而拒不受理,致使环境受害者在美国的诉讼阻力重重。作为应对,发展中国家采取了一系列举措。其中,最典型的立法对策是,规定一旦案件在国外起诉,国内法院便自动丧失管辖权;在原告所在国起诉的,允许以被告所在国的法律来计算污染损害赔偿额,等等。因而,一国对外国原告提起的环境诉讼的接受和承认外国判决之互惠条件准则的出台,将变得越来越重要。今后跨国环境私人诉讼将不断推动全球环境损害责任制度的发展,而不断革新的全球环境损害责任制度也将成为全球环境法新格局中的重要组成部分。     

中东与美国私立高等教育的发展

中东与美国的私立高等教育是极富特色的。在中东,海湾合作委员会成员国高等教育的惊人发展引起了其他阿拉伯国家的极大关注,其私立大学数量猛增,且最显著的特点是把美国大学模式当做唯一标准模式;约旦私立大学的出现被认为是扩大高等教育体系的一种策略,约旦政府为留住人才,推动经济发展,于1990年开始设立私立高校,作为对国内高等教育供不应求的反应。在美国,营利性高校被认为是对高等教育常态的偏离,但是在美国以外,却被认为是对高等教育常态的拓宽。营利性高校的佼佼者凤凰城大学,其学习模式不同于传统的大学,主要满足成人学生群体的学习需求。有学者认为,凤凰城大学的师资模式弱化了教师的作用,引发社会各界对其教育质量的担忧。美国私立高等教育专家阿尔特巴赫对营利性中学后教育机构进行了抨击,他称这类学校为“冒牌”大学,并将其与传统大学作了比较。本刊已连续五期刊登《私立高等教育：全球革命》（2005年）一书的部分文章,本期继续刊登中东与美国私立高等教育的相关文章,以飨读者（标题系编者所加）。     

新兴工业化中等收入国家的环境执法创新

本文考察了中国、巴西、印尼和墨西哥这几个新兴工业化中等收入国家为了改善环境法律执行状况而在近期采用的五种创新手段。在这五个案例中,当环境执法机关与其他国家机关、民间主体或市场主体联合起来形成执法联盟时,执法机关的监管能力得以扩大。此外,不同类型的主体参与环境执法对于执法的持续性效果具有一定的影响。更重要的是,当被监管企业通过自我检查、自我报告以及标签分类方案而参与环境监管时,监管机关对被监管企业遵守法律的设计方案与守法决心更具有依赖性。研究发现,由于中等收入国家的环境违法行为较为普遍,加上公众和市场对企业和产品的标签分类方案响应能力不足,所以,以降低监管自主性为特点的执法创新在中等收入国家的应用具有更大的风险。     

几个欧洲国家继续工程教育的比较研究

一、欧洲国家继续教育的法规建设在英、法、德、意、荷、西班牙六国中,尽管有的国家有“继续教育法”,有的有“职业培训法”,或者是想完善有关继续教育方面的法律,但没有一个国家有法国那样健全的继续教育法规。大多数国家的法律确立了继续教育的原则或规定了国家、地方和企业三者间应分担的职责和义务;一些国家的法律规定了继续教育工作基本上由大学来完成;只有法国对所有企业的继续教育经费的多少作了明确规定,其他五国则没有。 1.企业的资金预算和资金筹措我们所选六个国家的基本法都规定继续     

世界各民族人口迁移简述

战后几十年来,人口迁移的特点发生了相当重大的变化。在迁移发展过程中,除了经济因素经常起着重要作用外,政治因素(新的国家建立、国界变化、民族解放斗争、各国的政治经济改革等等)对决定迁移方向具有越来越大的意义。有时,迁移还受民族和宗教动因的制约。随着都市化的发展速度日益加快,仍然是从农村到城市的移民规模最大。     

Thailand population statistics] as of April 1, 1994

This one page profile gives population statistics for April 1994 in Thailand. Total population is estimated to be 58,656,000 persons, of whom 29,310,000 were male and 29,346,000 were female. The population was 18,019,000 in urban areas and 40,637,000 in rural areas. Regional population was distributed as follows: 7,532,000 in the Northern Region, 19,773,000 in the Northeastern Region, 7,174,000 in the Southern Region, 14,652,000 in the Central Region excluding Bangkok Metropolis, and 7,525,000 in Bangkok Metropolis. 35,669,000 women were of reproductive age (15-44 years). As regards the general population, 19,614,000 were aged 6-21 years, 35,669,000 were aged 20 years or older, 16,893,000 were aged under 15 years, 37,481,000 were aged 15-59 years, and 4,282,000 were aged 60 years or older. The crude birth rate was 18.5/1000 total population. The crude death rate was 6.4/1000 total population. The natural growth rate was 1.2%. The infant mortality rate was 34.5/1000 live births. Life expectancy at birth was 67.7 years for males and 72.4 years for females. Life expectancy at 60 years was 18.8 years for males and 22.0 years for females. The total fertility rate was 1.95 children/woman. Contraceptive prevalence was 75.0%. Population is expected to increase to 71,414,000 persons in the year 2012. A separate graph indicates the estimated numbers of child prostitutes based on five different assumptions about total numbers of commercial sex workers in 1993.     

Population statistics] as of July 1, 2000

This Mahidol Population Gazette presents Thailand's population and demographic estimates as of July 1, 2000, using the standard techniques of demographic analysis. The paper provides estimates of Thailand's total population, population by sex, population in urban and rural areas, population by region, and by age group. In addition, figures of crude birth and death are listed per 1000 population, natural growth rate, and infant mortality rate per 1000 live births, male and females' life expectancy at birth and at age 60, total fertility rate, contraceptive prevalence rate. The number of the aged population in 2020 is also presented. Presented in a bar graph is a population pyramid for Thailand in the year 2000, illustrating male and females' age and year of birth.     

Population statistics] as of April 1, 1995

A one-page compendium of population data as of April 1, 1995, was provided for Thailand. Total population reached 59,160,000: 29,562,000 males and 29,598,000 females, and 18,683,000 in urban and 40,477,000 in rural areas. Regional distribution of population was 11,884,000 in the North region, 19,262,000 in the Northeast, 7,406,000 in the South, 12,834,000 in the Central (excluding Bangkok Metropolis), and 7,774,000 in Bangkok Metropolis. The age distribution of the population was as follows: 17,038,000 under 15 years old; 37,803,000 aged 15-59 years; 4,319,000 over 60 years old; 19,782,000 aged 6-21 years; 38,226,000 aged 18 years and older; 35,975,000 aged 20 years and older; and 15,273,000 women 15-44 years old. The crude birth rate was 17.4 per 1000 population. The crude death rate was 6.1 per 1000 population. The natural growth rate was 1.1%. The infant mortality rate was 30.9 per 1000 live births. Life expectancy at birth was 66.6 years for males and 71.7 years for females. Life expectancy at 60 years was 18.8 additional years for males and 22.0 additional years for females. The total fertility rate was 1.95 per woman. Contraceptive prevalence was 74.0%. Projected population in 2012 was 70,995,000 persons. Among youth 15-24 years old, 9% of rural single males and females, 25% of other urban single males, and 45% of single Bangkok males lived away from parents. 34% of single other urban females and 31% of single Bangkok females lived away from parents. In rural areas, 36% of married males and 42% of married females lived away from parents. In other urban areas, 64% of married males and 75% of married females lived away from parents. In Bangkok, 99% of married males and 81% of married females lived away from parents.     

Population statistics] as of January 1, 1995

In thousands, Thailand's total population as of January 1, 1995, was 58,995, of which 29,480 were male and 29,515 were female. 18,630 live in urban areas and 40,365 live in rural areas. 11,851 live in the northern region, 19,208 to the northeast, 7385 in the South, 12,798 centrally, and 7753 in the Bangkok metropolis. 16,990 were under age 15, 37,698 aged 15-59, and 4307 aged 60 and over. There were 15,230 women of reproductive ages 15-44. Crude birth and death rates per 1000 population were 17.4 and 6.1, respectively, with an overall natural growth rate of 1.1%. Infant mortality was 30.9 per 1000 live births. Male and female life expectancies at birth were 66.6 and 71.7 years, respectively. Further life expectancies at age 60 for males and females were 18.8 and 22.0 years, respectively. The rate of total fertility per woman was 1.95 with a contraceptive prevalence rate of 74.0% and an anticipated population of 70,995 in the year 2012.