西藏人的婚礼

在西藏各地,婚礼的规模根据家庭财富和社会地位而有所不同。典型的西藏婚礼是这样开始的:首先是未来新郎的父母在认为合适的姑娘中做广泛的调查,谨慎地选好几位姑娘后,如果占卜表明她们可以与未来的新郎结缘,那么就请求诸位姑娘的父母亲答应把他们的女儿许配给他。然后把未来新郎和选中姑娘们的名字、年岁送到占卜者和星占学家那里,通过占卜肯定哪一位姑娘符合条件。通过占     

土耳其农村的婚俗

土耳其农村的婚礼要连续举行数日,几乎全村的人都参加。婚礼按照伊斯兰的习俗举行,当然这种习俗在不同的地区稍有变更。新郎对他要娶的姑娘所知甚少,也许从未见过。小伙子长到18岁,便对父母说,我想娶这个或那个姑娘。如果他没有具体的选择,那么父母便给他推荐一位门当户对的姑     

Opportunities for woman-initiated HIV prevention methods among female sex workers in southern China

Rapid changes in China over the past two decades have led to significant problems associated with population migration and changing social attitudes, including a growing sex industry and concurrent increases in STIs and HIV. This article reports results of an exploratory study of microbicide acceptability and readiness and current HIV prevention efforts among female sex workers in two rural and one urban town in Hainan and Guangxi Provinces in southern China. The study focused on these women's knowledge and cultural understandings of options for protecting themselves from exposure to STIs and HIV, and the potential viability and acceptability of woman-initiated prevention methods. We report on ethnographic elicitation interviews conducted with women working within informal sex-work establishments (hotels, massage and beauty parlors, roadside restaurants, boarding houses). We discuss implications of these findings for further promotion of woman-initiated prevention methods such as microbicides and female condoms among female sex workers in China.     

The changing practice of eating: evidence from UK time diaries, 1975 and 2000

This paper examines some central themes about change in consumption behaviour through an empirical investigation of the practice of eating. It analyses patterns of food consumption in the UK using time diary data from 1975 and 2000. The practice of eating is decomposed into four component activities which are used to explore systematically the inter-relationships between social processes - such as commodification and temporal fragmentation - and ways of providing and consuming food. It charts the expansion of eating out, the degree to which it substitutes for other eating activities, and the implications of its development for social relations and the temporal organization of daily life. Analysis reveals that food consumption continues to be differentiated along established lines of social division, although the content of those divisions has changed and varies across components of the practice. Increasing commodification of the food chain is documented, but without appearing to have a corrosive impact on household organization or social relationships. While tendencies indicative of temporal fragmentation are revealed, counter-tendencies exist which suggest that the practice of eating is resilient to many forms of external pressure. Finally, the application of a practice-based analytical approach permits critical evaluation of theories of social transformation.     

The Transitional Discharge Model: comparing implementation in Canada and Scotland

Effective discharge planning is needed to facilitate clients' transition from psychiatric hospital wards to community care. Previous studies have shown that client outcomes can be improved by using a Transitional Discharge Model (TDM) that includes peer support and an extension of inpatient-practitioner relationships that are introduced prior to discharge. However, countries vary in many ways that may affect implementation of the model. This article describes some of the similarities and differences related to introducing transitional discharge in two countries: Canada and Scotland. It is important to elucidate facilitators and challenges in implementing the TDM to identify and disseminate strategies to aid implementation. Implications for future implementation of the model are also discussed.     

Unplanned sexual activity as a consequence of alcohol use: a prospective study of risk perceptions and alcohol use among college freshmen

OBJECTIVE: The authors' goal was to show how risk perceptions regarding unplanned sexual activity following alcohol use are prospectively related to subsequent alcohol consumption. PARTICIPANTS: Undergraduate students (N = 380) completed questionnaires at 2 time points during their freshman year. METHODS: In the middle of the academic year (T1), students estimated their risk of engaging in unplanned sex and reported their alcohol use during the previous term. Four months later (T2), they again reported alcohol use and indicated whether they had engaged in unplanned sex since T1. RESULTS: Students who consumed more alcohol at T1 rated their risk of unplanned sex more highly, suggesting relative accuracy. Those with higher risk perceptions consumed more alcohol at T2 (controlling for T1 use), suggesting that they maintained the high-risk behavior. Last, those who were unrealistically optimistic (ie, estimated low risk at T1 yet had unplanned sex by T2) reported greater alcohol use at T2. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the role that risk perceptions regarding sexual activity may play in college students' alcohol use.     

Foreign-born emigration: A new approach and estimates based on matched CPS files

The utility of postcensal population estimates depends on the adequate measurement of four major components of demographic change: fertility, mortality, immigration, and emigration. Of the four components, emigration, especially of the foreign-born, has proved the most difficult to gauge. Without "direct" methods (i.e., methods identifying who emigrates and when), demographers have relied on indirect approaches, such as residual methods. Residual estimates, however are sensitive to inaccuracies in their constituent parts and are particularly ill-suited for measuring the emigration of recent arrivals. Here we introduce a new method for estimating foreign-born emigration that takes advantage of the sample design of the Current Population Survey (CPS): repeated interviews of persons in the same housing units over a period of 16 months. Individuals appearing in a first March Supplement to the CPS but not the next include those who died in the intervening year, those who moved within the country, and those who emigrated. We use statistical methods to estimate the proportion of emigrants among those not present in the follow-up interview. Our method produces emigration estimates that are comparable to those from residual methods in the case of longer-term residents (immigrants who arrived more than 10 years ago), but yields higher--and what appear to be more accurate--estimates for recent arrivals. Although somewhat constrained by sample size, we also generate estimates by age, sex, region of birth, and duration of residence in the United States.     

对东汉黄巾教团的重新认识

张角等人利用“黄天”(中黄太一)信仰排斥来自各地流民原有的各种地方性民间信仰,以此达到统一思想、增强内部凝聚力的作用,从而建立了组织化程度较高的黄巾教团。与地方性民间信仰敌对的黄巾教团,更愿意靠拢或者说攀附儒家谶纬经学,以此获得更多的神圣权威和信仰资源。东汉统治阶级内部宦官集团与儒家“党人”之间利用私通黄巾教团的罪名彼此攻讦,加剧对黄巾教团信徒的宗教迫害,这一不恰当的宗教政策直接引发了黄巾起义。以往的黄巾起义研究,常将黄巾教团的宗教活动仅仅视为农民起义的准备;今后可以从宗教学等新的视角切入,对黄巾起义和黄巾教团进行扩展性研究。     

第二次世界大战中的苏联与中国

第二次世界大战中欧洲战场上的苏德战线和亚洲太平洋战场上的中日战线是最重要的和决定性的。为了确保两条战线的胜利,苏联和中国的外交活动起到了重要的作用。由于日本的扩张行动日益猖獗,苏联感到自身安全受到威胁。在日本的逼攻之下,苏联和中国的战略利益逐渐趋于一致。于是,苏联决定向中国提供有效援助和支持,但美、英等西方国家并不支持苏联的动议。面对日本的侵略,中国向西方寻求保护的外交努力严重受挫,迫使蒋介石政府积极寻求苏联的支持,最后两国缔结互不侵犯条约。条约奠定了苏中友好关系的国际法基础,苏联据此为中国抗日战争提供了必要援助和支持。1941年日本袭击珍珠港之后,第二次世界大战的亚洲战场增加了太平洋战线,战争扩展到了整个亚洲太平洋地区。从此以后,西方各国才开始援助中国,对华战略才发生转变。     

美国的科学政策

《美国的科学政策——1939到现在》一书(修订版),1972年由美国麻省理工学院出版,编者是四位历史学家.全书共分六个部分:一、导言:历史的概述,二、准备和战争,三、战后科学的规划(1945-1950),四、本世纪中叶(1950-1957),五、反应的年代(1957-1965),六、衰退中的体系(1965-1970).编者依据大量材料(其中包括许多美国官方文件),对美国自1939到1970年的科学体制和政策作了历史的论述.对我们研究美国的科学政策和体制的演变有一定参考价值.下面是本书主要内容的简要介绍.