Sustainability of family planning and health projects

USAID has assisted the Ghanian Ministry of Health since 1991 to boost family planning services under the Ghana Family Planning and Health Project by providing supplies and information and increasing the effectiveness of HIV/AIDS prevention and control. The sustainability of the health system is endangered by favoring capital expenditures in lieu of continuous expenditures; the lack of linkage between project activities and regular activities; the centralization of resource flow; and too ambitious targeting. Capital outlays provided by USAID featured in the construction of four public health laboratories, but their operation also requires continuous financing amounting to about 10% of the whole investment. The latter is the responsibility of the government, although the details of these recurrent costs were not detailed at the outset and providing these funds for continuous operation may impair the operation of other systems. The resource constraints could be alleviated by an effective cost-recovery system or by the general improvement of the economy. The lack of linkage between project and regular activities is serious at regional and district levels. The centralization of resource flow means that most resources are kept for headquarter level activities, thus other activities suffer and the health sector becomes excessively reliant on donor support. Too ambitious planning stems from pressure on donors and hastily implemented projects result in duplication and waste. Closer consultation with the parties involved would improve the situation. The rivalry of technical and policy groups has contributed to past deficiencies. Double funding for the same activity has also occurred further increasing the dependence on donor funding. By concentration on people and systems sustainability would be enhanced, while cost recovery would help the operation of the laboratories. The Health Education Unit (HEU) recognized the importance of IEC and obtained financing for such activities.     

Chinese Communist Party Central Committee calls on Party and Youth League members to take the lead in having only one child (per couple), [open letter,September 25, 1980

This open letter from the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party concerns the question of controlling China's population growth. To limit the total population of China to 1.2 billion by the end of this century, the State Council has advocated 1 couple giving birth to only 1 child. China's total population will reach 1.3 billion after 20 years and will exceed 1.5 billion after 40 years. Besides the family needing to increase the cost of upbringing, increasing population also requires the state, in order to solve their education, employment, and otheer problem, to raise education expenditures, investments of equipment, and outlays for social and public utilities. The phenomenon of population "aging" will not occur within this century because at present 1/2 of the total national population is below the age of 21, while elderly people above age 65 consist of less than 5%. After 40 years of the practice of 1 child per couple, some families may experience the problem where the elderly lack people to care for them. In the future when production is developed and the people's lives are improved, social welfare and social security will certainly increase and improve continuously. To control population growth, the Party and government have already adopted a series of concrete policies; considerations and allowances are to be given to single children and their families with respect to admission to childcare centers and primar schools. Young comrades must begin with themselves, while old comrades must educate and supervise their own sons and daughters.     

新的产业革命

微电子工业方面的非凡进展触发了一场"第二次产业革命".在这场革命中,新技术将使原来由人力操作的工种自动化.这种自动化看来会提高生产率,但将威胁大量的就业机会.当国家科学院的一个委员会声称,"现代的电子工业已经宣告了一场第二次的产业革命……它对社会的影响甚至比原来的产业革命更大",这时候就该引起我们迫切重视了.因为科学院的各个委员会向来是不夸大事实的.并不是唯独科学院指出了电子工业技术的最新进展是势不可挡的社会变革的先驱.在过     

当代世界的异化

今天大量的技术力量集中在资本主义国家,增殖资本的动力促使资本主义国家给技术发展规定了明确的方向,即把它纳入剥削劳动和剥削"无产者"国家的总实践里.因此分析技术世界的异化,应首先考虑资本必然带来的不平等和不合理.由于与资本的存在相联系的现象在阶级关系和民族关系中很重要,因而要消灭某些异化形式,就必须准备进行深刻的改革,实现社会对财富的控制.但是,某些畸变的根源应该到资本以外更深的地方去寻找.当马克思研究价值的生产和积累过程中的资本运动时,资本主义生产体系还处于尚未发展成熟的初级阶段,因此不论是对价值的生产和占有的分析,还是对由此产生的异化现象的分析,都     

Statistical materials: the family in the USSR

Statistical data are presented on the family in the USSR. Data from the 1979 census are included on number of families and their distribution by size; distribution of families by size and type, social class, and nationality; number of families including members of different nationalities, 1959-1979; number of marriages and divorces, 1960-1981; changes in age at marriage, 1960-1981; and distribution of births by age of mother, 1969-1970, 1974-1975, and 1980-1981.     

通过谈判争取成功砝码

回想你上次面临新的领导机遇时,出现了什么情况？不管你是受命领导团队、部门还是整个企业,你很可能通过谈判争取该职位的薪水和待遇,比如：头衔、假期及奖金,但你是否争取过在该职位上取得成功的条件呢?     

关子做好基层秘书工作的几点辩证思考

基层秘书工作既重要又繁杂，初做时有很多人可能有无所适从之感。但如果我们能很好地掌握基层秘书工作的辩证法，并在实践中学会运用这一规律不断地进行探索，就能从庞杂的事务中解放出来，变被动为主动，就能打开工作的新局面。     

集体记忆与民族认同——以新疆青河县哈萨克族克烈部分支阿巴克克烈部落为例

基于集体记忆所形成的共同祖先观念是强化民族认同的重要因素之一,它象征着族群社会结构的永久连续性。通过共同祖先意识把民族不同支派成员连接在一起,促使成员对本民族产生归属感和凝聚感,并借此不断强化民族认同,使其社会得以延续。本文以新疆青河县哈萨克族阿巴克克烈部落成员的集体记忆为例,结合相关文史资料,从共同祖先追溯、氏族部落社会组织传承记忆等视角探讨了哈萨克族基于集体记忆的社会延续与民族认同之关系。