Sanctioning as a social norm: Expectations of non-strategic sanctioning in a public goods game experiment

Sanctioning increases cooperation in public goods games, but not indiscriminately under all conditions and in all societies, and the mechanisms by which sanctioning exercises its impact on behavior are yet to be studied in detail. We show experimentally that in the presence of sanctioning, our experimental subjects adjust their behavior in order to avoid being a free rider. They do this not only in the STANDARD sanctions treatment, where they directly experience any sanctions assigned to them, but also in our main treatment, the SECRET sanctions treatment, where no information on sanctions received is available until the end of the experiment. We observe no such free riding avoidance in the treatment without sanctioning. The mere knowledge that sanctions might be assigned increases cooperation among the members of our subject pool; subjects expect that non-strategic sanctioning occurs against the free riders. Moreover, these expectations are correct as we observe a similar pattern and extent of sanctioning in both treatments. We propose that sanctioning in itself is a social norm and may be culturally dependent, as suggested in the literature.     

历史小说杨家将中的萧太后

明朝人编写的杨家将历史小说，以表现杨家将忠君报国、英勇抗辽为主题。为了突出杨家将的光辉形象，用虚构的人物情节竭力丑化以萧太后为代表的辽朝人物。缺乏历史知识的读者，常常把杨家将小说当成信史来读，误认为契丹是野蛮落后的异国他邦，这对于中华民族的团结产生了负面影响。今人不应站在宋朝人、明朝人立场上去看待辽朝和契丹人，而应当站在中华民族的高度，去正确地认识辽朝和契丹人。     

快离子导体氯碘铜化铷电性能的研究

最近国外报道,在RbCl-CuCl-CuI系统中,发现了离子电导率最高的Cu~+离子导体Rb_4Cu_(16)I_7Cl_(13)。我们采用国产原料,在工艺上作了探索,研制出较纯净的单一相Rb_4Cu_(16)I_7Cl_(13)。其室温电性能:离子电导率达0.44(Ω.cm)~(-1),电子电导率为4.2×10~(-9)(Ω.cm)~(-1),分解电位0.66(V)。此外,还对该材料的x射线衍射谱作了研究,提出了改进电性能的主要依据。     

Characterization of minimum aberration mixed factorials in terms of consulting designs

In this paper, by introducing a concept of consulting design and based on the connection between factorial design theory and coding theory, we obtain combinatorial identities that relate the wordlength pattern of a regular mixed factorial design to that of its consulting design. According to these identities, we further-more establish the general and unified rules for identifying minimum aberration mixed factorial designs through their consulting designs. It is an improvement and generalization of the results in Mukerjee and Wu (2001). This paper is supported by NNSF of China grant No. 10171051 and RFDP grant No. 1999005512.     

香港新城规划建设对天津的启示

香港作为国际化大都市,人口众多,土地资源十分紧张。为了应对人口迅速增长对香港本岛和九龙市区带来的各种压力,香港从20世纪70年代就开始规划建设新市镇,也就是新城。新城在香港规划史上占有重要的位置,在香港整体发展中也扮演了积极的角色,很多方面值得我们借鉴。     

西藏各产业人力资本与经济发展的关系研究

以第五次西藏人口普查资料和相关年份统计年鉴为依据,用劳动力受教育年限法对西藏自治区各地人力资本进行了估算,并采用GIS技术和灰色关联系统对各地区各行业人力资本同经济总量之间的关系做了分析,其结果表明:不同行业人力资本对经济发展的贡献大小不同,其中,教育文化艺术及广播电视业,国家机关、政党机关和社会团体,卫生、体育和社会福利业等行业人力资本对当地经济发展的促进作用较显著。     

欧洲迪斯尼乐园经营失败的环境分析

从经营环境的角度来看待欧洲迪斯尼开业之后经营失败的原因,涉及到许多方面。本文针对欧洲迪斯尼乐园初期的问题表现,主要从宏观的外部环境入手进行分析。通过分析,指出其经验教训,进而为迪斯尼公司在中国的经营带来一定的启示。     

Racial Identity–Related Differential Attributions of Inadequate Responses to Hurricane Katrina: A Social Identity Perspective

This study examines the attribution of responsibility for the problematic response to Hurricane Katrina in the fall of 2005. Based on social identity theory, the study compared the attribution with racism and non-racism factors (situational vs. dispositional attributions) between African American and European American students (n = 505). As hypothesized, African American identity was related to greater racism attribution, even after controlling for demographics, faith factors, and cognitive-emotional reactions to the hurricanes. European American identity was associated with more executive-responsibility attributions, but the effect vanished after adjusting other factors. The study underscores the importance of acknowledging group identity rather than an overarching American identity in exploring the race effect after a national collective trauma. The consequential implications for disaster planning, future research investigation, and social service delivery are discussed.     

“赞米亚”视角下的近代西南地区基督教的传播与国家适应

詹姆斯?斯科特（James C. Scott）认为,基督教在赞米亚地区广泛传播的主要原因是与山地族群的先知主义和千禧年宇宙观契合,从而使基督教成为山地族群借用的意识形态与谷地国家对抗,逃避谷地的统治。然而民国时期,中国西南山地民族皈信基督教的例子则显示,基督教为这些民族带来符合现代社会秩序的价值理念和行为规范,促使山地民族进入现代性的社会化道路,这恰恰符合了国民政府对于山地民族长期以来的教化愿望,期望将山地民族真正纳入国家的治理体系之下。因而基督教进入“赞米亚”区域,虽然也有逃避统治与国家相对抗的一面,同样也有与国家意识形态相一致的一面,促使山地民族适应国家并进入国家。这可能是斯科特所忽略的一个重要方面。     

毛泽东在建设中国特色社会主义政治文明方面的杰出贡献

人民当家作主 ,是中国特色社会主义政治文明的本质特点 ,是我党始终不渝的奋斗目标。我国社会主义民主政治制度———人民民主专政的国家制度、人民代表大会制度、共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度 ,就是对人民民主的制度保障。在确立这个制度的过程中 ,毛泽东做出了杰出的贡献 ,他是我国社会主义民主政治制度的伟大奠基者