Judge a Nonprofit by the Partners it Keeps: How Does Cross-Sector Partnership Disclosure Influence Public Evaluations of the Nonprofit?

VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations - This study investigates public reactions to cross-sectoral partnership communication from a nonprofit’s perspective....     

Maximum likelihood estimation for incomplete multinomial data via the weaver algorithm

In a multinomial model, the sample space is partitioned into a disjoint union of cells. The partition is usually immutable during sampling of the cell counts. In this paper, we extend the multinomial model to the incomplete multinomial model by relaxing the constant partition assumption to allow the cells to be variable and the counts collected from non-disjoint cells to be modeled in an integrated manner for inference on the common underlying probability. The incomplete multinomial likelihood is parameterized by the complete-cell probabilities from the most refined partition. Its sufficient statistics include the variable-cell formation observed as an indicator matrix and all cell counts. With externally imposed structures on the cell formation process, it reduces to special models including the Bradley–Terry model, the Plackett–Luce model, etc. Since the conventional method, which solves for the zeros of the score functions, is unfruitful, we develop a new approach to establishing a simpler set of estimating equations to obtain the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE), which seeks the simultaneous maximization of all multiplicative components of the likelihood by fitting each component into an inequality. As a consequence, our estimation amounts to solving a system of the equality attainment conditions to the inequalities. The resultant MLE equations are simple and immediately invite a fixed-point iteration algorithm for solution, which is referred to as the weaver algorithm. The weaver algorithm is short and amenable to parallel implementation. We also derive the asymptotic covariance of the MLE, verify main results with simulations, and compare the weaver algorithm with an MM/EM algorithm based on fitting a Plackett–Luce model to a benchmark data set.     

Spatial prediction of crystalline defects observed in molecular dynamic simulations of plastic damage

Molecular dynamic computer simulation is an essential tool in materials science to study atomic properties of materials in extreme environments and guide development of new materials. We propose a statistical analysis to emulate simulation output with the ultimate goal of efficiently approximating the computationally intensive simulation. We compare several spatial regression approaches including conditional autoregression (CAR), discrete wavelets transform (DWT), and principle components analysis (PCA). The methods are applied to simulation of copper atoms with twin wall and dislocation loop defects, under varying tilt tension angles. We find that CAR and DWT yield accurate results but fail to capture extreme defects, yet PCA better captures defect structure.     

土地整治项目PPP模式及其资产证券化问题探讨

土地整治是国家保障发展、保护耕地、统筹城乡土地配置的重大战略,但其所需资金数额巨大,仅靠财政资金难以为继,土地整治项目PPP运作资产证券化或许将成为解决融资这一关键问题的新途径.目前土地整治项目PPP运作有四种可能的模式,包括全域整治PPP模式、农用地整治+现代化农业产业经营PPP模式、农村建设用地整治PPP模式以及整村整治PPP模式,但都存在着一些局限性和不足.基于此,文章提出具有实现各方多赢可能性的新途径——土地整治项目PPP运作资产证券化,其具体运作过程中应注意谨慎使用于适当项目,理顺政府和社会资本的关系,健全利益分配机制,识别与分配风险,引入中长期投资群体.     

平行文本视角下企业英语语言资源拓展研究

随着我国贸易发展的日渐国际化,国贸企业对英语语言的现代化应用需要日渐提升.但我国目前在英语语言教育方面所提供的教育方式和教材等与国贸企业的实际需要之间尤其在口语应用方面存在很大的差距,其必然影响到国贸类企业的日常运营和海外拓展.基于此,笔者以英语语言现代化应用及企业语言资源的拓展需要为分析基础,引入英语语言现代化中的平行文本运用实践要求,对其融合模式及落实进行尝试性的探究,以辅助国贸类企业语言资产管理及平台构建.     

Birth Cohort and Age Changes in the Self‐Esteem of Chinese Adolescents: A Cross‐Temporal Meta‐Analysis, 1996–2009

The present cross‐temporal meta‐analysis involving 68 studies (n = 35,499) found that Chinese adolescents' scores on the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale decreased substantially from 1996 to 2009. The decline of self‐esteem across birth cohorts was associated with the slide of social connection level of Chinese adolescents. Correlations between self‐esteem and corresponding social indicators like the floating population and divorce rate were significant. Analysis on self‐esteem age differences showed that self‐esteem development in China was different from Western results: self‐esteem scores followed a roughly increasing trend from Grade 7 through Grade 12 with double dip points at Grades 7 and 11.     

A 25-year perspective on levels of analysis in leadership research

The purpose of this article is to present a comprehensive 25-year review of the incorporation of levels of analysis into conceptual and empirical leadership research published within Leadership Quarterly throughout its history. We assessed the population of Leadership Quarterly's research (790 research articles) on four key levels of analysis-based issues: (1) explicit statement of the focal level(s) of analysis; (2) appropriate measurement given level of constructs; (3) use of a multi-level data analysis technique; and, (4) alignment of theory and data. Prior reviews regarding levels of analysis incorporation into leadership research have been limited to major research domains. Results revealed that while both conceptual and empirical articles only explicitly state the focal level of analysis in approximately one-third of the articles, appropriate levels-based measurement and alignment between theory and data are relatively strong areas of achievement for the articles within Leadership Quarterly. Multi-level data analysis techniques are used in less than one-fifth of all articles. Although there is room for improvement, there is evidence that Leadership Quarterly is a premier outlet for levels-based leadership research. Given the increasing complexity of organizational science with regard to groups, teams and collectives, Leadership Quarterly has an opportunity to model for organizational research on how to build and test complicated multi-level theories and models.     

Public Policy and Diffusion of Innovation

Marketers have traditionally studied diffusionof innovation with a primary focus on theindividual consumer as a unit of analysis, themajor types of findings being characteristicsof adopter categories and opinion leadership. We propose that this perspective is notadequate from a macromarketing perspective, inwhich the goals are to set public policy forsocietal good or to create an environment whichenables the diffusion of an innovation in a waythat no single marketer could do alone. Insetting public policy which can enable (orinhibit) diffusion of innovation for societalgood, a system composed of a mass socialinfrastructure, a competitive infrastructure,and a technical infrastructure should beconsidered.     

Fertility survey in the rural area of Henan province]

The population of Henan Province is 72,850,000, 92% of whom live in villages. From July 12 to August 11, 1981, a fertility survey was taken of 20 communes and 31 work brigades in the counties of Fugou, Shancai, and Dengfeng, in which 38,168 people and 5700 fertility registration forms were studied. In 1980, 15% of the 3 counties' population were women aged 18-49, 80% of whom were married. The birth rate was 134.56/1000, of which the rate for married women was 172.36/1000. A random sampling from Shancai of 18-49 year old women showed an average of 2.3 children per couple. The factors influencing rural fertility are economic, social, ideological, and cultural. The economic system of distribution according to work has actually encouraged population growth because in rural areas where the standard of living is low larger families with more workers have greater incomes than smaller families with fewer workers. Early marriage and early births are encouraged under this system, as evidenced by findings in Fugou County. The survey also found that in the 3 counties, virtually everyone marries, women who work tend to work in the village close to home, high illiteracy is prevalent, and traditional attitudes of favoring males over females were all factors contributing to early and frequent births. In order to lower rural birth rates, rural economy should be developed, old attitudes and habits should be changed, and literacy should be increased.     

有关青藏高原碉楼的传说与民俗事象

碉楼是青藏高原地区与藏民族历史密切相关的古老文化孑遗。本文根据前人调查并结合实地考察,对碉楼分布地区当地民族中有关碉楼的种种传说与民俗事象进行了系统汇集,着重讨论了碉楼的起源传说、碉楼传说与相关民俗事象以及碉楼的象征意义,认为这些民族志材料对深入认识青藏高原碉楼历史面貌与文化内涵具有重要启示作用。