Agency Problems between Managers and Employees in Nonprofit Organizations: A Discrete Choice Experiment

Most principal–agent literature of nonprofit organizations has focused on the relationship between board members and managers. However, in addition to the role as an agent of the board, the manager also performs a role as principal with respect to the nonprofit employees. By using a discrete choice experiment, we identify the objectives of managers and employees in nonprofit organizations and assess the presence of agency problems in this relationship. Our sample consists of 76 headmasters, 161 teachers, and 39 administrative employees in 74 secondary nonprofit schools in Belgium. We find that the six objectives set out in the experiment play an important role for both headmasters and subordinate staff. However, the results also indicate that some of these objectives are significantly more important for the headmasters. In sum, our results suggest that agency theory and stewardship theory are not necessarily in conflict with each other but can be combined into a more general governance framework for nonprofit organizations. Consequently, we argue that incentive structures that incorporate different types of objectives can facilitate the recruitment and retention of employees in nonprofit organizations.     

“登山则情满于山,观海则意溢于海”——创作思维特征的精妙阐释

自<文心雕龙>问世以来,注家蜂起,歧见迭出.其中对作为创作总论的<神思>篇的解说更是众说纷纭,见仁见智.文章在细读文本和博取前辈诸家合理内核的基础上,对"神思"作出新的阐释,探求这一艺术构思论的理论价值.认为"神思"指的是在创作构思过程中,作者所具有的一种不受时空限制的自由艺术想象,它作为一种复杂的思维活动,亦呈现出四大特点.     

官邸制的价值意蕴与体系构建

自从党的十八届三中全会提出探索实行官邸制的设想，官邸制一度成为新闻界、学术界关注的热门话题。由于官邸制在我国尚属新鲜事物，官邸制的理论研究严重不足，什么是官邸及官邸制以及实行官邸制对我国官员住房制度改革会产生怎样的意义等问题尚不清晰，而官邸制的制度构建更是一次任重而道远的理论考验，其中官邸的来源、规格、经费管理、适用主体范围以及附属保障措施的构建成为官邸制的核心。探索出完善、科学的官邸制关系到新时期改革的实施乃至成败。     

On Shortest k-Edge-Connected Steiner Networks in Metric Spaces

Given a set of points P in a metric space, let l(P) denote the ratio of lengths between the shortest k-edge-connected Steiner network and the shortest k-edge-connected spanning network on P, and let r = inf l(P) P for k 1. In this paper, we show that in any metric space, r 3/4 for k 2, and there exists a polynomial-time -approximation for the shortest k-edge-connected Steiner network, where = 2 for even k and = 2 + 4/(3k) for odd k. In the Euclidean plane, and .     

我国三种野生稻及两个栽培稻品种叶片表面亚显微结构的观察研究

用扫描电钻对原产中国的3种野生稻、2个栽培稻品种就气孔频度、气孔器孔突、大瘤状乳突及木栓细胞乳突等叶片表面亚显微结构作了比较观察研究。结果显示这些性状具有种的特异性,并且其相似程度与亲缘关系远近有关。     

实验仿真软件的开发研究

在研究《自动控制原理》课题特点和 CAI教育理论的基础上 ,以微型计算机平台介绍了《控制原理虚拟实验室》仿真软件开发的步骤及方法 ,论述了实验仿真软件开发研究的指导思想 ,实验仿真软件要求 ,以及如何发挥计算机网络优势     

台湾"宪政改革"的政治功能和对两岸关系的影响

资产阶级民主宪政制度的确立和完善,是台湾地区不断进行"修宪"和"宪改"的内在动因。台湾地区"修宪"和"宪改"的主要政治功能,是"为因应国家统一前之需要",围绕着确立和巩固资产阶级民主宪政制度,实现政治转型、分配权力、配套制度、提高统治和管理效能。在"和平发展"成为两岸关系的主旨和价值取向的背景下,有必要重新审视台湾地区"宪改"对两岸关系的影响。     

Seeing the woods — statistics for the very young

If you go down to the woods today … you're sure of a big statistical experience. You might run into Chris Du Feu giving 9-year-olds their first lesson in statistics. Tasks for the teacher? One, clear nettles; two, make sure that leaves will stay firmly stuck in place on the bar-chart…     

中国各民族应自觉维护国家统一、安全和利益

本文从中国各民族应自觉维护国家统一、安全和利益的理论基础、法律基础、现实利益基础、历史基础以及基本要求等方面,论述了各民族应自觉承担起维护国家统一、安全和利益的历史使命。     

关于环境立法的过程与程序

在我国,不论是环境法律还是法规,环境行政机关可以说是立法过程的实际主导者.由于环境行政相对人、环境事件中的受害人和环境保护组织等主体参与的不足,环境立法难以吸纳各种信息和整合不同的利益,不仅立法目标的设立缺乏事实支持,制定的具体措施社会认同度和接受度也较低.因此,需要构建更加透明和开放的环境立法程序制度,改善环境立法的信息收集状况,提高立法本身的合法性,争取公众的接受和认同,使法律规范因本身的合理和公正而更有力量.这对于环境法律的有效实施是不可或缺的.