小学与经学:段、顾之争与校勘学的取径

段、顾之争的根源是小学与经学之争.段玉裁的研究方法是根基于小学的考据方法,顾千里的研究方法则是具有传统经学特色的方法.段氏关注字句、片段在其他文献中所呈现的不同,然后施展考据功夫以求形成统一的文本;顾氏则更重视对经学家法的遵守,保持在不同家法传承下经文的差异性.从这一点看,顾千里的校勘和解读更符合经学本身的特征.     

农村地区彝族青年婚姻困境破解的公共政策支持

当前,农村地区彝族青年的婚姻困境问题明显,形式变异的"买卖婚"在强大的社会心理支撑下普遍存在,婚姻困境中的性别差异明显,青年男女的婚姻自由受到限制,固守传统婚姻形式造成多种社会问题。破解农村地区彝族青年婚姻困境,需要给予公共政策支持的外力推动,形成解决这一问题的内生动力,并最终帮助彝族青年男女突破婚恋的物质和精神束缚,促进农村地区婚姻进步和经济社会发展。     

儿童文学经典复译研究——以《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》为例

通过对青岛市儿童文学翻译市场进行调查研究,在对《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》的大量复译本进行分析的基础上,我们发现,众多儿童文学经典复译作品在秉承初译优点、取得不同程度进步的同时,也暴露出一些问题,比较普遍的是漏译、误译和文字中英夹杂、有失规范等问题,最关键的问题在于儿童文学翻译的文学性没有质的提高,没有从根本上超越初译。我们认为,儿童文学的复译应该遵循批判性借鉴和实质性超越的原则,真正实现其存在价值。     

Assessing Participation and Effectiveness of the Peer-Led Approach in Youth Sexual Health Education: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in More Developed Countries

Sexual health education for young people is crucial not only for development of norms but also for protection against vulnerabilities during this stage in life. Although several systematic reviews have examined the effectiveness of peer-led sex education, none have focused on the extent of peer participation. The purpose of this review was to evaluate peer-led sexual health education interventions in more developed countries (MDCs). Electronic and manual searches across five social science, education, and medical databases were conducted. Fifteen articles were selected in total. Most (10 of 15) studies gave low or no responsibility to peers. The majority of articles found improvements in sexual health knowledge (13 of 14) and attitudes (11 of 15) at postintervention stages. Two studies showed improved self-efficacy, and three showed behavioral changes. A preliminary synthesis of effectiveness and level of participation was done. Meta-analysis revealed a large effect on knowledge change (Hedges’ g = 0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.43 to 1.25) and a medium effect on attitude change (Hedges’ g = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.80). Peer-led interventions could be a powerful tool. This review shows that this approach is effective in changing knowledge and attitudes but not behaviors. Further research and action are needed to understand optimal implementation.     

Housing hardship and energy insecurity among native-born and immigrant low-income families with children in the United States

The costs for rent and utilities account for the largest share of living expenses, yet these two critical dimensions of material hardship have seldom been examined concurrently in population-based studies. This paper employs multivariate statistical analysis using American Community Survey data to demonstrate the relative risk ratio of low-income renter-occupied households with children experiencing ‘rent burden', ‘energy insecurity', or a ‘double burden’ as opposed to no burden. Findings suggest that low-income households are more likely to experience these economic hardships in general but that specific groups are disproportionately burdened in different ways. For instance, whereas immigrants are more likely to experience rental burden, they are less likely to experience energy insecurity and are also spared from the double burden. In contrast, native-born African Americans are more likely than all other groups to experience the double burden. These results may be driven by the housing stock available to certain groups due to racial residential segregation, decisions regarding the quality of housing low-income householders are able to afford, as well as home-country values, such as modest living and energy conservation practices, among immigrant families. This paper also points to important policy gaps in safety net benefits related to housing and energy targeting low-income households.     

论水平扭剪应力场对大裂缝系统的控制

本文根据地质力学和岩体结构力学原理，探讨水平扭剪应力场在大裂缝系统形成、转化和分布中的重要控制作用及其物理模型．文中认为，大裂缝系统是较大的直压型裂缝网络与扭剪型裂缝网络叠加的产物，主要分布在较强的水平扭剪应力和术平直压应力复合作用的区块；水平扭剪应力场是改造和控制大裂缝网络结构异向性的最重要因素。这为研究和勘探较大的隐伏裂缝系统，提供了新的成藏模式和理论依据。     

Bayesian adaptive dose‐escalation designs for simultaneously estimating the optimal and maximum safe dose based on safety and efficacy

The main purpose of dose‐escalation trials is to identify the dose(s) that is/are safe and efficacious for further investigations in later studies. In this paper, we introduce dose‐escalation designs that incorporate both the dose‐limiting events and dose‐limiting toxicities (DLTs) and indicative responses of efficacy into the procedure. A flexible nonparametric model is used for modelling the continuous efficacy responses while a logistic model is used for the binary DLTs. Escalation decisions are based on the combination of the probabilities of DLTs and expected efficacy through a gain function. On the basis of this setup, we then introduce 2 types of Bayesian adaptive dose‐escalation strategies. The first type of procedures, called “single objective,” aims to identify and recommend a single dose, either the maximum tolerated dose, the highest dose that is considered as safe, or the optimal dose, a safe dose that gives optimum benefit risk. The second type, called “dual objective,” aims to jointly estimate both the maximum tolerated dose and the optimal dose accurately. The recommended doses obtained under these dose‐escalation procedures provide information about the safety and efficacy profile of the novel drug to facilitate later studies. We evaluate different strategies via simulations based on an example constructed from a real trial on patients with type 2 diabetes, and the use of stopping rules is assessed. We find that the nonparametric model estimates the efficacy responses well for different underlying true shapes. The dual‐objective designs give better results in terms of identifying the 2 real target doses compared to the single‐objective designs.     

社交网络个体活跃行为的大数据分析：从网络外部性的视角

用户是社交网络平台的基石，用户的活跃行为为平台创造内容、带来价值，因而用户活跃度一直是社交网络平台的关注重点。已有研究仅关注用户是否存在持续使用意向或行为，将持续使用行为定义为二元变量，未对持续使用行为细分，忽略了对用户活跃行为的研究。此外，社交网络中用户活跃行为之间有着不可忽视的相互影响，而受制于用户的关系网络数据难以获取，少有研究从该角度对社交网络中的用户行为进行研究。 将持续使用行为进一步细分为个体活跃和沉默行为，从网络外部性视角探讨同伴活跃行为对焦点个体活跃行为的影响以及个体网络规模与活跃行为的关系，并进一步探讨个体间关系强度和个体特征的调节作用。以超过百万用户的真实关系网络、个体特征信息和使用行为数据进行实证分析，通过Tobit模型验证上述关系。 研究结果表明，同伴活跃度和个体网络规模对个体活跃度有显著的正向作用，同时关系强度具有正向调节作用；个体特征在同伴活跃度与个体活跃度之间起调节作用，具体来说，女性用户和年轻用户受同伴活跃行为的影响更强。 从网络外部性的角度探讨用户活跃行为的影响因素，拓展了关于在线社交网络用户持续使用行为的研究和网络外部性测量方式，关注不同节点对于网络外部性贡献的差异性，对今后网络外部性的研究有一定的借鉴意义。基于中国数百万真实用户的数据集，结果更具普适性，同时反映出中国在线社交网络中用户的行为特征，可为今后的研究者提供参考。研究结果可以帮助社交网络平台的管理者更加了解用户活跃度的影响机理以及用户行为之间的内在联系，从而能以更科学合理的方式激发用户活跃度，保持社交网络平台的持续运营。     

Least squares estimation of varying‐coefficient hazard regression with application to breast cancer dose‐intensity data

To enhance modeling flexibility, the authors propose a nonparametric hazard regression model, for which the ordinary and weighted least squares estimation and inference procedures are studied. The proposed model does not assume any parametric specifications on the covariate effects, which is suitable for exploring the nonlinear interactions between covariates, time and some exposure variable. The authors propose the local ordinary and weighted least squares estimators for the varying‐coefficient functions and establish the corresponding asymptotic normality properties. Simulation studies are conducted to empirically examine the finite‐sample performance of the new methods, and a real data example from a recent breast cancer study is used as an illustration. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 37: 659–674; 2009 © 2009 Statistical Society of Canada