契约关系不健全情况下国有企业的组织失效

文章把国有企业的责任体系失效归结为企业的组织失效。组织失效表现为组织无法有效地履行其主要功能,包括组织目标功能的失效和组织调控功能的失效。在企业目标功能失效的情况下,企业调控功能失效可以为偏离企业目标的个人目标提供更多的实现机会。国有企业组织功能失效的原因是企业治理结构的失效,国有企业契约关系的失效是治理结构失效的症结。契约失效首先使国有企业的目标功能失效,进而使企业的内部调控功能失效。契约失效除了使法人治理结构失效外,还对企业带来较高的制度性成本。     

"形式"的解放:洞见与盲视--胡适的"白话"主张和"新诗"理论

从胡适和梅光迪、任鸿隽的两次争论入手,对胡适弃文言用白话的立论依据进行了历史和理论的梳理.胡适从思考中国文学"有文无质"的弊病出发,为"白话"文学凝聚了"说法",这是一种把文学变革落实到语言形式的革新方案,但胡适把白话的"达意"直接移用到"新诗"时,混淆了"诗法"和"文法"的区分.     

Exact confidence interval estimation for the difference in diagnostic accuracy with three ordinal diagnostic groups

In the cases with three ordinal diagnostic groups, the important measures of diagnostic accuracy are the volume under surface (VUS) and the partial volume under surface (PVUS) which are the extended forms of the area under curve (AUC) and the partial area under curve (PAUC). This article addresses confidence interval estimation of the difference in paired VUS s and the difference in paired PVUS s. To focus especially on studies with small to moderate sample sizes, we propose an approach based on the concepts of generalized inference. A Monte Carlo study demonstrates that the proposed approach generally can provide confidence intervals with reasonable coverage probabilities even at small sample sizes. The proposed approach is compared to a parametric bootstrap approach and a large sample approach through simulation. Finally, the proposed approach is illustrated via an application to a data set of blood test results of anemia patients.     

Employment Policy,the Crowding‐out Effect and Imperfect Competition

This paper presents a macroeconomic model with imperfect competition in the commodity market, and uses it to address how the commodity market’s structure is related to the efficacy of government employment policies. It is found that job creation in the public sector may lead to a decrease in output and an increase in prices. In particular, these adverse side‐effects will be alleviated when competition in the goods market is less perfect. We also find that public‐sector job creation definitely has a positive effect on total employment, though it may crowd out private‐sector employment.     

Administrative Buy-in for User Participation in Managing Social Services

Abstract

This paper reports the findings of a study conducted in Hong Kong on the value position of the social service providers regarding user participation in service management. Using a survey instrument to collect data from 642 service providers in an elderly service organization, the study explored whether or not the value position had an effect on the views of the service providers on the structural set-up for user participation, and whether the value position of the professional staff was significantly different from that of the non-professional staff. Exploratory factor analyses (EFA), confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were applied in the analysis. The findings identify that administrative buy-in needed to support shared decision-making with the welfare service users has not been achieved in the studied organization, owing to the absence of value commitment to the user participation cause. As the professional staff was more supportive of values favoring user participation, the paper calls for an acculturation process that would be stimulated and led by professionals to develop a participatory culture. The paper also recommends conducting similar study on a larger scale and qualitative inquiry into factors influencing the formation of values about user participation in future research.     

Formal Social Participation and Utilization of Community-based Services among Urban Elderly Chinese Living Alone in Shanghai,China

This research examined formal social participation among elderly Chinese adults living alone and the association between utilization of community-based services and formal social participation, which refers to participation in employment, volunteer jobs, and social groups. Using a secondary analysis on a survey data from a simple random sample of 228 adults aged 60 and older living alone in a Shanghai neighborhood, it was found that only small percentage of older adults living alone were involved in formal social participation. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that use of community-based services is significantly associated with formal social participation among elderly Chinese living alone. Thus, future policies and programs should focus on strengthening community-based services for elderly Chinese, to more effectively promote and facilitate their social participation.     

Influence of soil properties on street tree attributes in Singapore

Urban Ecosystems - Soil quality is thought to be a primary driver of street tree performance and thus a major concern for urban forest growth, health and longevity. This research was conducted to...     

技术创新对中国工业制成品国际竞争力作用的实证研究

中国对外贸易的发展取决于其出口商品的国际竞争力。从出口商品的构成来看,工业制成品贸易已是当今国际贸易的主流。因此,增强工业制成品的国际竞争力是促进中国对外贸易发展所面临的一个迫切而且紧要的问题。另一方面,由于国内经济发展的需要,中国对外贸易必须由以往...     

高原、民族与宗教：清代西藏城市发展特征

西藏地区城市出现较早,但发展相对缓慢。清代是西藏城市发展的一个重要时期,自然地理环境、交通、商贸的发展,清廷对西藏统治的加强以及政教合一制度的继承和发展都对西藏地区城市体系的初步形成产生了重大影响。特殊的自然地理环境决定了清代西藏的城市多分布于河谷低地区域,呈现沿河流、湖泊分布的地域特征。西藏的城市空间布局也深受藏传佛教的影响,寺庙等宗教场所成为城市的中心或重心所在。西藏地区的游牧经济也深刻地影响到城市发展进程,与内地相比,城市发展相对滞后,城市形态不完善,城市数量少,规模较小,功能单一。     

Statistical Properties of Generalized Gini Coefficient with Application to Health Inequality Measurement

In this article, we report statistical properties of two classes of generalized Gini coefficients (G1 and G2). The theoretical results were assessed via Monte Carlo simulations. Further, we used G1 and G2 on life expectancy to measure health inequalities among the provinces of China and the states of the United States. For China, the results indicated that there was statistically significant health inequality by both G1 and G2. However, for the US, the results showed that there was significant health inequality by G1 but no statistical significance was found in health inequality by G2. Overall, from our study, China has higher health inequality than the United States.