Assessing the effects of land use and land cover patterns on thermal conditions using landscape metrics in city of Indianapolis,United States

Direct applications of remote sensing thermal infrared (TIR) data in landscape ecological research are rare due to limitations in the sensors, calibration, and difficulty in interpretation. Currently there is a general lack of methodology for examining the relationship between land surface temperatures (LST) derived from TIR data and landscape patterns extracted from optical sensors. A separation of landscapes into values directly related to their scale and signature is a key step. In this study, a Landsat ETM+ image of Indianapolis, Unites States, acquired on June 22, 2000, was spectrally unmixed (using spectral mixture analysis, SMA) into fraction endmembers of green vegetation, soil, high albedo, and low albedo. Impervious surface was then computed from the high and low albedo images. A hybrid classification procedure was developed to classify the fraction images into seven land use and land cover (LULC) classes. Using the fractional images, the landscape composition and pattern were examined. Next, pixel-based LST measurements were correlated with the landscape fractional components to investigate LULC based relationships between LST and impervious surface and green vegetation fractions. An examination of the relationship between the LULC and LST maps with landscape metrics was finally conducted to deepen understanding of their interactions. Results indicate that SMA-derived fraction images were effective for quantifying the urban morphology and for providing reliable measurements of biophysical variables. LST was found to be positively correlated with impervious surface fraction but negatively correlated with green vegetation fraction. Each temperature zone was associated with a dominant LULC category. Further research should be directed to the theoretical and applied implications of describing such relationships between LULC patterns and urban thermal conditions.

社会主义荣辱观探讨

社会主义荣辱观的思想渊源在于中外传统道德中的荣辱思想特别是马克思主义荣辱学说。社会主义荣辱观的现实基础在于当前经济、政治、文化发展的迫切需要。社会主义荣辱观的鲜明特色在于弘扬了中华民族的传统美德,弘扬了人类文明的积极成果,彰显了社会主义的时代精神,反映了人民群众的普遍诉求,建构了振兴中华的精神脊梁。     

论终身教育体系:构架、实现方式及功能

终身教育体系具有比传统教育体系更优越的教育功能,不但因为具有更齐全的要素与合理的结构,而且更重要的是具有更科学、更合理的实现方式。本文对终身教育体系的构架、实现方式以及功能进行系统的研究与探讨。     

As low birth weight babies grow,can well-educated parents buffer this adverse factor? A research note

This research note combines two national Taiwanese data sets to investigate the relationships among low birth weight (LBW) babies, their parents' educational levels, and their future academic outcomes. We find that LBW is negatively correlated with the probability of such children attending college at age 18; however, when both parents are college or high school graduates, such negative effects may be partially offset. We also show that discrimination against daughters occurs, but only for daughters who were LBW babies. Moreover high parental education can buffer the LBW shock only among moderately LBW children (as compared with very LBW children) and full-term LBW children (as compared with preterm LBW children).     

如何实现西部大开发宁夏优先发展的调查分析

面对在西部大开发中所处的劣势地位,宁夏首先要更新观念,创造新优势,解决好人才问题、资金问题、体制创新和科技创新,并重点抓好事关全局的核心问题,以实现“西部大开发,宁夏要争先”的战略目标。     

文官政治·书卷风流·人文气象--宋代文学存在的社会文化背景分析

有宋一代 ,文化大昌 ,文学也出现繁荣气象 ,这同宋代的社会环境及文化背景密切相关。宋型文化 ,有着向内收敛及注重人文涵养的倾向 ,这也深深影响了宋代文学及文学思想。简言之 ,宋代社会的基础是文官政治 ,内在精神是注重品性涵养 ,外在的表现是书卷风流。它们三位一体 ,构成了宋人所处的富于浓郁人文气息的氛围 ,其审美情趣也从外在的羁旅漫游、征戍迁谪、行旅离别 ,逐渐转向丰富多彩的心智活动 ,于是构成宋代文学及文学思想中博大精深的人文气象     

岩石夫人与风信子女郎--论<荒原>女性形象与西方文化传统之关系

西方文化传统对女性与文明之间关系的定位是将女性之精神性宏扬为拯救文明的“天使”,同时将她的肉体性贬低为导致文明堕落的“魔鬼”。英国诗人艾略特借用这一传统中的典型意象符码 ,在长诗《荒原》中构建“岩石夫人”与“风信子女郎”两组女性人物 ,表达“天使”理想在现代社会的失落和由此造成的精神贫瘠、“荒原”般的生存状态。艾略特对传统的借鉴是由诗人的创作观、个人生活和社会现实三方面决定的     

Bayesian analysis of a general growth curve model with predictions using power transformations and AR(1) autoregressive dependence

In this paper, we consider a Bayesian analysis of the unbalanced (general) growth curve model with AR(1) autoregressive dependence, while applying the Box-Cox power transformations. We propose exact, simple and Markov chain Monte Carlo approximate parameter estimation and prediction of future values. Numerical results are illustrated with real and simulated data.     

Cox regression of clustered event times with covariates missing not at random

Motivated by a recent tuberculosis (TB) study, this paper is concerned with covariates missing not at random (MNAR) and models the potential intracluster correlation by a frailty. We consider the regression analysis of right‐censored event times from clustered subjects under a Cox proportional hazards frailty model and present the semiparametric maximum likelihood estimator (SPMLE) of the model parameters. An easy‐to‐implement pseudo‐SPMLE is then proposed to accommodate more realistic situations using readily available supplementary information on the missing covariates. Algorithms are provided to compute the estimators and their consistent variance estimators. We demonstrate that both the SPMLE and the pseudo‐SPMLE are consistent and asymptotically normal by the arguments based on the theory of modern empirical processes. The proposed approach is examined numerically via simulation and illustrated with an analysis of the motivating TB study data.