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471.
Why Have Children in the 21st Century? Biological Predisposition, Social Coercion, Rational Choice 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This review examines arguments and evidence pertaining to the question: why have children in settings where the net economic costs of children are clearly substantial? Thereview is organized around three themes: biologicalpredispositions, environment (social coercion) and rationalchoice. Specifically, we explore the argument that evolution hasproduced sets of genes that predispose persons to childbearing bymaking sex and parenthood pleasurable. We review sociologicalarguments regarding the pronatalism/antinatalism of societalinstitutions. Finally, we discuss arguments that stress therationality of childbearing decisions by appealing to biologicalpredispositions and the economic and non-economic values ofchildren. The authors speculate that while a modern socialstructure and rationale supportive of childbearing could beconstructed, such changes are not inevitable and may be difficultin the face of competing interests. Moreover, future social andtechnological change could alter the context of childbearingsubstantially. This uncertainty complicates policyrecommendations. 相似文献
472.
473.
This paper considers the nature of the interpersonal dynamic in mentoring relationships and the correlation between a close mentoring relationship and the possibility of that relationship becoming romantic or sexual. In considering this issue we have reviewed the literature that is pertinent to this context; this includes research on the workplace as a sexualized environment, the criteria considered to be desirable for an effective mentoring relationship and issues of gender and sexual orientation in the workplace. In highlighting these issues we suggest that organizations, mentees and mentors should be made aware of the potential risks before embarking on a mentoring relationship, and suggest this is an area that clearly needs more research. 相似文献
474.
Jung Young Lee Morgan Swink Temyos Pandejpong 《Production and Operations Management》2011,20(4):556-570
This paper examines the roles of three elements of intellectual capital in implementing process innovations. Building upon prior literature, we develop a model describing how worker expertise, information sharing quality, and psychological safety work together as elements of the human, structural, and social dimensions of intellectual capital to influence the technical success of manufacturing process innovation (MPI) projects. Results of an analysis of data describing 179 MPI projects in US firms strongly support a multidimensional, process‐oriented view of intellectual capital's effects on MPI project technical performance. We also find that the incrementalness of an MPI project plays a moderating role over the relationship between worker expertise and MPI performance. Our study provides insights on how intellectual capital can be more effectively accumulated in a project environment. 相似文献
475.
Using a conceptual framework focusing on factors that enhance or reduce fertility relative to desired family size (see Bongaarts 2001), we study fertility variation across time (1992–2006) and space (states) in India. Our empirical analyses use data from three waves of the Indian National Family Health Surveys. We find that this framework can account for a substantial portion of the variation in the total fertility rate (TFR) over time and across states. Our estimates focus attention on the critical components of contemporary Indian fertility, especially desired family size, unwanted fertility, son preference, and fertility postponement. 相似文献
476.
Current survival techniques do not provide a good method for handling clinical trials with a large percent of censored observations. This research proposes using time-dependent surrogates of survival as outcome variables, in conjunction with observed survival time, to improve the precision in comparing the relative effects of two treatments on the distribution of survival time. This is in contrast to the standard method used today which uses the marginal density of survival time, T. only, or the marginal density of a surrogate, X, only, therefore, ignoring some available information. The surrogate measure, X, may be a fixed value or a time-dependent variable, X(t). X is a summary measure of some of the covariates measured throughout the trial that provide additional information on a subject's survival time. It is possible to model these time-dependent covariate values and relate the parameters in the model to the parameters in the distribution of T given X. The result is that three new models are available for the analysis of clinical trials. All three models use the joint density of survival time and a surrogate measure. Given one of three different assumed mechanisms of the potential treatment effect, each of the three methods improves the precision of the treatment estimate. 相似文献
477.
Morgan A. Hanson 《统计学通讯:理论与方法》2013,42(11):4181-4188
A nonconvex constrained optimization problem is considered in which the constraints are of the form of generalized polynomials. An invexity kernel is established for this class of problem, and a consequent theorem gives sufficient conditions for the solutions of such problems. 相似文献
478.
Correction for heteroscedasticity in returns from portfolios long in small firms and short in large firms listed on the New York Stock Exchange reduces the estimate of market risk and increases the estimated abnormal return. Greatly improved diagnostic test statistics are obtained, strengthening the evidence for the existence of positive average abnormal returns from small firms. Periodicity of order 6 and 12 months is identified. The estimation procedure operates by exploiting the autoregressive pattern of heteroscedasticity in the return data. 相似文献
479.
Phyllis Moen Pamela Maynard Morgan Jull Ph.D. 《Journal of Family and Economic Issues》1995,16(1):79-107
Like the topic of family policy itself, research informing family policies is difficult to characterize. This article discusses
how ideology and values influence research agendas and then describes three types of studies informing family policies: research
defining social issues, evaluation research, and research about the policy-making process. Two case studies illustrate how
social research informs family policy: in promoting gender equality in Scandinavia and in reforming child support in the United
States. Values of individualism and the sanctity of the family have traditionally focused policy makers' and, hence, researchers'
attention on individuals, not families, as the units of analysis. But dramatic shifts in family structure and functioning
along with renewed public concern about family disintegration are placing families high on the policy agenda. Both “basic”
and “applied” family scholars can contribute to a research agenda examining the factors promoting strong, effective families.
She conducts research on gender and the life course, as well as on aging, families, and social policy. She received her Ph.D.
in Sociology from the University of Minnesota.
Her research interests in stratification, social policy, gender, and the life course include sex segregation in occupations,
fertility, and work decisions and family policy. 相似文献
480.