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91.
Objectives. We aim to understand why blacks are significantly less likely than whites to perpetuate their middle-class status across generations. To do so, we focus on the potentially different associations between parental job loss and youth's educational attainment in black and white middle-class families.Methods. We use data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), following those children “born” into the survey between 1968 and 1979 and followed through age 21. We conduct multivariate regression analyses to test the association between parental job loss during childhood and youth's educational attainment by age 21.Results. We find that parental job loss is associated with a lesser likelihood of obtaining any postsecondary education for all offspring, but that the association for blacks is almost three times as strong. A substantial share of the differential impact of job loss on black and white middle-class youth is explained by race differences in household wealth, long-run measures of family income, and, especially, parental experience of long-term unemployment.Conclusions. These findings highlight the fragile economic foundation of the black middle class and suggest that intergenerational persistence of class status in this population may be highly dependent on the avoidance of common economic shocks. 相似文献
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94.
Patrick Suppes 《Theory and Decision》1981,13(4):363-379
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Patrick Michael Rooney 《Nonprofit management & leadership》1999,10(1):39-56
This article develops a new methodology for a more comprehensive and useful analysis of the costs and benefits of fundraising, as well as the total costs and net benefits associated with development efforts in general. This approach does a better job of linking the timing of return of fundraising efforts and measuring the actual return on investments in fundraising (as opposed to the reported return) than the widely used guidelines from the Council for Advancement and Support of Education and the National Association of College and University Business Officers (CASE/NACUBO) (1990). The implications are a better methodology for practitioners that they can use to enhance internal decision making and a better methodology for boards to use in evaluating performance and accountability. Recently, other large, public universities have begun using several of these concepts in the assessment of their development offices (Rooney, 1998). 相似文献
97.
Andreas I. Sashegyi K. Stephen Brown Patrick J. Farrell 《Revue canadienne de statistique》2000,28(1):45-63
Some studies generate data that can be grouped into clusters in more than one way. Consider for instance a smoking prevention study in which responses on smoking status are collected over several years in a cohort of students from a number of different schools. This yields longitudinal data, also cross‐sectionaliy clustered in schools. The authors present a model for analyzing binary data of this type, combining generalized estimating equations and estimation of random effects to address the longitudinal and cross‐sectional dependence, respectively. The estimation procedure for this model is discussed, as are the results of a simulation study used to investigate the properties of its estimates. An illustration using data from a smoking prevention trial is given. 相似文献
98.
Jury theorems with multiple alternatives 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Patrick Hummel 《Social Choice and Welfare》2010,34(1):65-103
I consider a game in which imperfectly informed jurors vote to select one of several possible choices when there is a natural
ordering of the possibilities. Each juror votes for the largest alternative the juror would like to implement, and the alternative
that is selected is the largest alternative supported by a given number of jurors. For non-unanimous voting rules, the probability
of a mistaken judgment goes to zero as the number of jurors goes to infinity. I also give necessary and sufficient conditions
to obtain asymptotic efficiency under unanimous voting rules, and show that unanimous rules may lead to a bias in which moderate
outcomes are never chosen. 相似文献
99.
David L. Tschirley Colin Poulton Nicholas Gergely Patrick Labaste John Baffes Duncan Boughton Grald Estur 《Development policy review : the journal of the Overseas Development Institute》2010,28(3):295-323
This article analyses the performance of cotton sectors across East, Southern, and West Africa, paying particular attention to the wide diversity of institutional arrangements that they now exhibit. It finds strong support for earlier contentions regarding trade‐offs between competition and coordination, and between the roles of public and private sectors. New insights provide concrete and context‐specific guidance to policy‐makers and stakeholders regarding the key challenges they will face and the risks they will need to manage as they work to improve productivity and ensure an equitable division of benefits within cotton sectors. 相似文献
100.