The situational logic of entrepreneurship: a realist approach to national policy

National policy initiatives to encourage entrepreneurial behaviour are often developed with limited knowledge of the contextual constraints and causal factors. In this paper, we adopt a social realist approach, generally associated with critical realism, as a framework for analysing levels of entrepreneurial behaviour. The trigger for our study is the apparent anomaly of low levels of German entrepreneurship. We apply the morphogenetic framework of the sociologist Margaret Archer to Germany and then compare this to the United States. We conclude that particular so-called situational logics at the intersection of structure and culture constitute mechanisms which provide strategic direction for the decisions of potential entrepreneurs. We argue that a social realist stance based upon Archer’s sociology provides a practical grounding for research and policy development.     

Exploring drivers of demand for child protection services in an English local authority

This paper reports on an empirical study of child protection services in a local authority where rates of investigations and interventions rose to unprecedented levels during the course of a single year. The aim of the research was to explore explanations for this rise in demand among the providers of children's social care in the area. Using an interpretative qualitative design, a series of focus groups and interviews were carried out with practitioners and managers (n = 25) from statutory services and Early Help. The findings identified a combination of long‐term and short‐term drivers of demand. Long‐term factors emphasized the impact of rising levels of deprivation combined with cuts to community‐based services for children and young people. Short‐term factors ranged from a more proactive approach to child neglect to more effective multi‐agency partnerships and joint decision making. The interaction between these factors was found to be accentuating an underlying shift to “late intervention” across the sector. The findings are contextualized in relation to contemporary debates about the crisis of demand for children's social care and the complex relationship between prevention and protection.     

Spatial patterns of female Ailanthus altissima across an urban-to-rural land use gradient

Ailanthus altissima is an invasive, dioecious deciduous tree common at the interface between urban and rural areas in the mid-Atlantic region, U.S.A. To examine spatial patterns of abundance and associations with land use type, we mapped all mature female trees in nine 89.5 ha plots (805.5 ha total area) across a typical urban-to-rural land use gradient using aerial images obtained via remote sensing supplemented by detailed ground referencing. Rural plots were dominated by forest and had the lowest density of mature females (0.007 females ha⁻¹); urban and suburban plots did not differ significantly in mean density (0.37 females ha⁻¹ vs. 0.34 females ha⁻¹, respectively). Individuals in urban plots were more evenly distributed, but were not associated with a wider variety of land uses and were closer to roads or openings than those in suburban plots. Given less available habitat per unit area in urban than in suburban environments, these patterns suggest that Ailanthus fits the profile of an invasive species that may be proliferating outward from urban centers. With continued disturbances associated with development in the suburban areas, and timber harvesting in the rural areas, further spread of Ailanthus seems likely.     

Institutionalized norms of conducting research and social realities: A research synthesis of empirical works from 1983 to 2002

Based on a systematic review of the last 20 years of empirical research grounded in institutional theory, we identify some of the main norms of conducting research in this literature. The level of institutions, the formal/informal institutional pillars and the direction of effects are the foundation of these norms addressed by researchers in the last two decades. This review indicates that empirical research is well behind changes in social realities. This may be related to both the institutionalization process that takes place in any academic research and to the suggested difficulty that scholars find in moving away from widely accepted research models and practices, given the context within which they evolve. It is also concluded that local/national regulative institutions are giving up their position to more global normative and cognitive organizational field institutions. As the business environment become more global, giving more importance to transnational and informal institutions will be more crucial in institutional analysis of organizations.     

The dynamics of specific and diffuse support for the U.S. Supreme Court: A panel study

Prior inconsistencies in studies regarding specific and diffuse support for the U.S. Supreme Court have largely resulted from confusing two related yet distinct concepts: the level of diffuse support at a given moment, and change in the level of diffuse support over time. The results of a panel study show that specific support is related to both concepts but in different ways. Overall approval of the Supreme Court positively influences the level of diffuse support at a given moment. However, an individual's reaction to a particular Court decision is mediated by pre-existing ideological tension between the individual and the Court, and can cause a sudden change in that individual's diffuse support level. Post-stimulus diffuse support regeneration within an individual is related to support for democratic norms, awareness of the Court, and satisfaction with other governmental institutions.     

The Impact of Law Reform on the Processing of Sexual Assault Cases*

Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude qui avait pour but de mesurer les repercussions de la loi C-127 sur la manière de procéder de l'appareil policier et judiciaire de Winnipeg dans les cas de violence sexuelle. La nouvelle loi ayant comme objectif de corriger certaines failles dans la procédure juridictionnelle, les auteurs ont opté pour l'analyse de régression logistique afin d'examiner les conséquences de plusieurs variables indépendantes sur le nombre des inculpations et des condamnations, et ce avant et après l'adoption de la loi. Cette méthode nous a permis de déterminer si la réforme de la loi sur le viol a conduit à des changements dans la manière dont ces variables indépendantes influent sur les inculpations et condamnations. La recherche tend à démontrer que la réforme n'a eu qu'un effet modéré sur l'examen des cas de violence sexuelle. This paper presents the results of an evaluation of the impact of Bill C-127 on the processing of sexual assault cases through the criminal justice system in Winnipeg. Because the law was intended to change the way in which sexual assault cases were treated by the courts, the authors employed logistic regression to examine the impact of several independent variables on charges and convictions before and after the new legislation. Logistic regression made it possible to determine whether the rape reform legislation led to changes in the way these independent variables affect charge and conviction. The research suggests the legislative reform has had only a modest impact on the treatment of sexual assault cases.