Demographic change and response: Social context and the practice of birth control in six countries

This paper expands on Kingsley Davis’s demographic thesis of change and response. Specifically, we consider the social context that accounts for the primacy of particular birth control methods that bring about fertility change during specific time periods. We examine the relevance of state policy (including national family planning programs), the international population establishment, the medical profession, organized religion, and women’s groups using case studies from Japan, Russia, Puerto Rico, China, India, and Cameroon. Some of these countries are undergoing the second demographic transition, others the first. Despite variations in context, heavy reliance on sterilization and/or, abortion as a means of birth control is a major response in most of these countries. The key roles of the medical profession and state policy are discussed, along with the general lack of influence of religion and of women’s groups in these countries.     

对我国当前人口老龄化问题研究的概念和理论探析

目前国内关于人口老龄化研究的文献中对人口老龄化的概念理解有明显的误区,并由此导致对人口老龄化问题、特点的认识不科学;人口老龄化的社会经济影响问题的研究方法论存在明显的不足,并就此提出自己的见解。     

基于调节焦点理论的领导对下属创造力影响机理研究

本研究从心理学的调节焦点理论切入,构建了基于调节焦点理论的领导对下属创造力影响机理模型。具体探讨领导的行为示范、语言框架及反馈,通过对个体调节焦点与群体共享调节焦点两个层面的共同引导,进而影响下属创造力的作用过程。本研究将丰富并厘清人们对领导提升下属创造力的影响路径与作用规律的认识,并为领导通过日常管理来激发下属创造力提供借鉴与指导。     

The Competitive Impact of Targeted Television Advertisements Using DVR Technology

Digital video recorders (DVRs) are an emerging technology that is fundamentally changing the competitive landscape in industries that advertise on television. Perhaps the most familiar impact of DVR technology is that it enables consumers to avoid advertisements (ads) by fast forwarding through them. However, this “zipping” of ads is only one aspect of the impact of DVR technology. DVRs also collect a wealth of information at the consumer level that can be used by firms to target their ads more effectively. We examine how this targeting capability moderates the impact of ad avoidance in a competitive setting. Insights are provided on how best to manage this emerging technology in terms of the key managerial decisions of product pricing and advertising efforts, as well as its impact on profits in a competitive (duopoly) marketplace.     

线上绘图教学法在系统解剖学神经系统中的应用研究

系统解剖学是重要的医学基础课,但是由于解剖学需要记忆的内容较多,学生无法精确掌握正常人体结构的立体形态,无法构建完整的医学知识构架.为了帮助学生理解记忆,在教学中引入绘图教学法.绘图教学法结合其他记忆方法,应用于系统解剖学神经系统线上教学中,使复杂枯燥的神经系统内容简单化、具体化,对学生学习神经系统有很大帮助,该研究旨在为神经系统教学方法提供一点借鉴.     

关于我国民航法无限额赔偿制度的思考

我国民航法第132条规定的无限额赔偿制度存在不合理之处。该规定将证明承运人主观过错的举证责任交由不具备举证能力的旅客承担,违背了民事诉讼法上举证责任分配的公平原则;在我国部门化立法模式下由民航总局起草的民航法,过于偏重保护承运人利益,与当今国际社会保护消费者利益的立法趋势不符。建议修改民航法,在无限额赔偿制度中实行举证责任倒置,由承运人对其不存在民航法规定的过错承担举证责任。     

Bridging the Gap between Planned and Market Economies: employment policies for people with disabilities in two Chinese cities

From 1978 on wards, China has experienced a radical transition from a centrally-controlled planned economy to a market economy. At the same time, the Chinese economy is developing at high speed. This dynamic situation poses numerous opportunities and challenges to people with disabilities in China. The research finds that, with the help of government's employment policies, disabled people in two Chinese cities have benefited from both the market reforms and high speed economic growth. The Chinese government did not simply throw away the previous institutional arrangements and withdraw from its responsibility for supporting people with disabilities. In contrast, it adjusted the previous policies in order to mobilise resources from the newly-developing market economy. However, the policies have their limitations. They are temporary in nature and suitable for the transitional period only. There are potential problems and challenges ahead for disabled people in a fully fledged market economy in China.     

人力资本投资与回报机制探索

人力资本是知识经济时代最为主动、关键的竞争要素 ,人力资本投资与回报机制是健全市场经济体系的根本要求。目前 ,我国在人力资本投资与回报机制的构建上尚存在诸多不足与缺憾。改善现状的根本途径就是结合国内外的成功经验并借鉴相关的理论建议 ,通过微观领域内薪酬制度的完备 ,配合宏观领域内相应政策措施的实施 ,构建科学的人力资本投资与回报机制。     

Social Security Reform in China's Transition to a Market Economy

This paper begins by describing the origins of a social security system that was based on a series of institutional splits that resulted in the development of a fragmented system characterized by inequity and incomplete coverage. The entitlements embedded in this system have proved difficult to revise in the light of changing circumstances and the pressures associated with economic transition, demographic change and the newly emerging problems of open unemployment and urban poverty. These developments, particularly the latter, are creating new demands on a system already struggling to adjust to structural problems of coverage and financial soundness. A series of extensive reforms in the areas of pensions and unemployment insurance and a rationalization of administrative arrangements and responsibilities have been introduced over the last two decades, but further reform seems inevitable as external pressures and policy priorities change. A key goal of the reform process has been to transfer responsibility for social security from enterprises to the state, but the system still suffers from a series of serious financial problems. Despite the extensive reforms that have already been introduced, these problems and the structural imbalances underlying them will require further action. The most important of these imbalances relate to the split between the nature and role of social security in the urban and rural sectors, the role of the commercial provision and its relationship with the state, and the extension of programmes aimed at poverty alleviation.     

论康有为《大同书》的社会构想

康有为的《大同书》集中反映了１９世纪末期形成的大同思想。康有为的大同思想广泛吸取了古今中外各种先进思想的养分,揉进了他的政治构想,描绘了人类社会未来发展的美好远景。康有为《大同书》中的社会构想是资产阶级维新派从事资本主义改革、推动社会进步的最高政治纲领,它给资产阶级维新派指明了前进的道路和方向,对于维新运动的发展起了积极的推动作用。