现代英国宪法:改进或颠覆?

英国拥有世界上历史最为悠久的立宪和代议制政府,但缺少成文宪法让它在现代国家中显得与众不同.自1688年光荣革命以来,英国逐渐发展出一种稳定的宪制,它铭记着君主、上院和下院的联合主权,同时也在捍卫人民的自由,并且让立法机构越来越多地对不断扩大的选民负责.直到20世纪晚期,这套宪法在内广受拥戴,在外深受赞赏.然而,近几十年的一些新发展对这一宪法提出了严峻挑战.最重要的新发展包括:英国加入欧盟而产生的变化;对议会权威下降的持续担忧;联合王国非英格兰地区民族主义情绪的兴起,它导致了英国议会向苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰的区域立法机构下放权力;对上院构成民主化的广泛渴望.过去几十年中有许多变革,还有一些变革也在考虑但尚无结果.这些变革是改善还是颠覆了三个世纪来运转良好的英国宪制,远非清楚.     

Orphans in Three Sahelian Countries: Exploratory Analyses from Census Data

Important investments in Africa have reduced slightly the levels child mortality but life expectancy still very low. The number of children without surviving biological parents is increasing and orphans are becoming an important social problem. Because Sahelian societies are mostly patriarchal, becoming fatherless or motherless will have different effects on the well being of the child. This paper examines the levels and trends of the survival status of the parents and then, living arrangements of orphans. We describe characteristics of these children with a special focus on education and economic activities. The paper uses the censuses from Chad, Niger and Senegal made available by the African Census Analysis Project (ACAP) held at University of Pennsylvania. These countries collected information on survival status of each biological parent to estimate adult mortality but the potential of this information for research on child well-being is rarely exploited.     

数字相机一览

具有832×608的高分辨率,且能存储非压缩文件,可以拍色彩饱满、质量极佳的照片。其基本存储仅1MB,但可使用作为选件的PC卡存储器或硬盘,PC卡插槽可接受170-MB硬盘驱动器。另外还可使用4MB、8MB、16MB的PC卡快擦除     

家庭的社会文化因素

人们都承认家庭在发展青年一代精神文化上的特殊作用,但很少有人承认家庭在发展成长中的年轻人个性方面具有关系到前途命运的意义。重要的是要具体、历史地看待这一问题:如今家庭能起什么作用?为此必须对当代最为复杂的社会进程进行通盘分析。单亲家庭数量不断增长,在城市文明激增条件下家庭的“传统”作用的变化,家庭里孩子数量的减少,青年家庭对物质的过分追求,这一切不可避免地同教育制度一样会导致家庭本身的变态。这不仅是社会的错误,也应当说是教育上的无     

多效唑对亚热带低寒带桃“Flordaprince”物候循环的影响

Allan，p，George，A．P，Nissen，R．J，Rasmussen，T．S．和Morley－Bunker，M．J，1993。多效吐对亚热带澳大利亚的低寒带桃“Flordaprince”物候循环的影响。园艺科学，53：73-84。将低寒带桃“Flordaprince”种植在亚热带澳大利亚，用多效吐处理两次以矮化树体，或使用氮处理来强化树体。疏花之后，调整并统一单株果实数，使每棵树的果实具有充分空间。多效唑能显著地抑制竞争性的春梢生长，引起果实提早成熟，并使产量增加，果实增大，品质提高。多效吐减少根的春季生长，而导致秋季根的大量生长。在乔化树中，果实生长的第二阶段稍长，使得种子和胚的生长推迟，胚中干物质较多。淀粉储藏量以根中为最大，其次是根干、枝和叶。在硬核期和果实成熟阶段，淀粉储藏量降到最低水平，但在枝梢伸长生长结束之后，又会升高，到落叶时，再次达到峰值。叶分析显示，整个季节中N、P和K的浓度降低，而Ca和Mg的浓度升高。多效唑处理树中，K的水平显著低于乔化树，而Ca、Mg水平显著高于乔化树。     

现代美国学校教育交际问题

学生与教师的关系问题是近百年来西方教育思想的现实问题之一。其中尤应提及对其他国家产生巨大影响的美国交际教育。美国学校的交际教育理论是在20世纪初J.杜威研究基础上形成的。他强调,交际素养是未来教师素质的重要因素,教师与     

发展中国家的分化:特点与过程机制

近100年的世界经济史可划分为四个时期:两个加速发展的时期(1894—1913与1950—1973)和两个缓慢发展时期(1920—1938与1974—80年代末)。     

The Social and Economic Impact of Sanctions and Time Limits on Recipients of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families

A central feature of the reforms enacted through the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (welfare reform) has been the adoption of strategies to involuntarily remove Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) recipients from the welfare rolls, including increased use of sanctions and time limits on welfare receipt. Drawing on data from a three year panel study of women who had been receiving welfare in a state which adopted stringent sanctioning and time limit policies, we investigate predictors of recipients' TANF status after implementation of welfare reform, and identify differences in post-reform material resources, hardships and quality of life based on TANF status. Almost half of all welfare case closures during the first time period after reforms were implemented through involuntary strategies. Relatively few baseline characteristics predicted different outcomes once welfare time limits and sanctions were implemented. Those who were timed off welfare had substantially lower incomes in the year following their removal. One third of all respondents, regardless of reason for leaving TANF reported having insufficient food, housing problems and lack of access to needed medical care.     

CONTEXTUALIZED ASSESSMENT WITH BATTERED WOMEN: STRATEGIC SAFETY PLANNING TO COPE WITH MULTIPLE HARMS

Given the prevalence of domestic violence and the likelihood that many victims will not receive services from specialized domestic violence providers, this article provides a framework for contextualized assessment that can be used by generalist practitioners. Drawing from stress and coping theory, the authors discuss the relevance of assessing appraisals and emotional responses within the context of environmental and individual risk and protective factors. Through an illustrative case assessment, the authors describe the contextualized assessment process and its ramifications for strategic safety planning.