日本—短命的资本剩余大国

一、对日本资本剩余的分析1983年以后,日本出现了资本的纯输出,1985年纯输出650亿美元,1987年增加到1370亿美元。显然,日本已成为满足国际市场所需求的流动性和资本需要的唯一的最大的资本供应国。有人认为,日本在国际金融市场上的兴起具有政治意义,不仅形成了对欧美诸国的威胁,且会增强日本参与国际政治、军事的能力。然而,事实究竟如何呢? 关于日本的资本剩余能持续到何时,显然取决于三个因素:(1)日本的经常收支会不会继续保持盈余;(2)居民高储蓄率能不能继续维持下去;(3)政府、厂商和居民对储蓄的需求会不会继续小于储     

不文明文化中的文明教育

近年来教育已成为美国政治中的一个重大问题,但是美国对文明教育却未予重视。学校对“质量”的要求并不在于培养优秀的公民,而在于培养具有能够间接地对公共生活作出贡献的有才能、有技巧的个人。“在今后10年内……需要把语言和数学的分数至少提高50分”,里根总统就是从这个方面来解释对教育的最大挑战的。和很多美国人一样,里根对“道德教育”也表示关切,但是道德训练和文     

在确定活化参数时正确与错误的辨析

目前,仍然有许多人使用体积摩尔浓度报道溶液中的化学反应速率和化学平衡常数,并且用体积摩尔浓度讨论实验结果,这实在是件憾事。体积摩尔浓度即反应物T在1升溶液中的摩尔数,并用C_J来表示。这种浓度表示法在分析化学中使用起来是很方便的。但是,只要我们考虑到溶液的体积与温度和压力有关,那么,使用体积摩尔浓度就很不方便的了。     

民主德国历史科学的形成

民主德国马克思列宁主义历史科学的形成,是与建设社会主义基础同时完成的意识形态和文化领域革命的一个部分.在这个时期,德国统一社会党十分坚决地实现了民主德国整个历史科学的革命改造.早在五十年代初,由于德国统一社会党积极进行思想政治工作,在民主德国就有了描绘自己主要特点的马克思列宁主义的德国历史画卷.但马克思主义历史学家还为数不多.除了职业历史学家如W.巴特尔、K.毕特尔和F.登格尔等外,党的著名活动家A.     

Social effects of migration in receiving countries

This paper examines the impact of post-1945 migration into Western, Middle, and Northern Europe from Southern Europe, Turkey, and Northern Africa, and migration to the traditional immigration countries by Asian and Latin American immigrants, on the social structures of receiving countries. Between 1955 and 1974, 1) traditional migration to the US and Australia became less important for European countries while traditional receiving countries accepted many immigrants from developing countries; and 2) rapid economic revival in Western and Northern Europe caused a considerable labor shortage which was filled by migrant workers especially from Southern Europe, Turkey, and Northern Africa, who stayed only until they reached their economic goals. Since 1974, job vacancies have declined and unemployment has soared. This employment crisis caused some migrants 1) to return to their countries of origin, 2) to bring the rest of their families to the receiving country, or 3) to lengthen their stay considerably. The number of refugees has also significantly increased since the mid-970s, as has the number of illegal migrants. After the mid-1970s, Europe began to experience integration problems. The different aspects of the impact of migration on social structures include 1) improvement of the housing situation for foreigners, 2) teaching migrants the language of the receiving country, 3) solving the unemployment problem of unskilled migrants, 4) improvement of educational and vocational qualifications of 2nd generation migrants, 5) development of programs to help unemployed wives of migrants to learn the language and meet indigenous women, 6) encouraging migrants to maintain their cultural identity and assisting them with reintegration if they return to their original country, 7) coping with the problems of refugees, and 8) solving the problems of illegal migration. Almost all receiving countries now severely restrict further immigration. [Those policies should result in improved development of aid policies towards sending countries. Immigration from other countries to those of the European Economic community should be limited to that for humanitarian reasons.     

Effects of future population trends on the labor market--analyses based on projections prepared by the Institute for Research on the Labor Market and Occupations

The effects of future population trends, such as demographic aging, declining fertility, and changes in migration, on the labor market in the Federal Republic of Germany are analyzed up to the year 2000. The study is based on projections prepared by the Institute for Research on the Labor Market and Occupations. Topics discussed include demographic trends as a cause of current unemployment, labor market phases and demographic trends since 1950, the projection model used, age-specific projections of the potential labor force, and labor market projections.     

Households and families according to the 1984 census

The results of the 1984 population and household census indicate that the trend toward smaller households in Poland has been reversed. The causes of this change, which goes against the general trend in developed countries, are considered. In addition to the impact of changed economic conditions, the author notes changes in the interpretation of the term household that affect the results in question.