Partners,Institutions and International Currencies: The International Political Foundations for the Rise of the Renminbi

The use of an international currency is not just a natural market phenomenon; it relies heavily on international political foundations. The historical lessons of the four major international currencies—the pound, dollar, euro and yen—show that a strong partner network and a favorable international institutional environment are the two major political foundations for the formation of a stable international currency. The rise of the renminbi, as a late starter looking to become a major international currency, depends not only on the requisite economic conditions but on governmental diplomacy aimed at attracting more monetary cooperation partners and creating international institutions that support its worldwide use. This strategy reinforces the political foundations for the rise of the renminbi. Building a network of partners supporting the renminbi as an international currency and creating a system of international monetary institutions are the real tests of the issuing country’s political leadership. This political leadership capacity has three dimensions: public trust founded on reputation building; a centripetal force driven by provision of benefits; and coercive force applied through sanctions. Comparatively speaking, the renminbi is still in the early stage of its ascent, so the development of its political infrastructure should concentrate mainly on gaining public trust through reputation-building and employing centripetal force involving provision of benefits.     

Total Economic Consequences of an Influenza Outbreak in the United States

Pandemic influenza represents a serious threat not only to the population of the United States, but also to its economy. In this study, we analyze the total economic consequences of potential influenza outbreaks in the United States for four cases based on the distinctions between disease severity and the presence/absence of vaccinations. The analysis is based on data and parameters on influenza obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and the general literature. A state‐of‐the‐art economic impact modeling approach, computable general equilibrium, is applied to analyze a wide range of potential impacts stemming from the outbreaks. This study examines the economic impacts from changes in medical expenditures and workforce participation, and also takes into consideration different types of avoidance behavior and resilience actions not previously fully studied. Our results indicate that, in the absence of avoidance and resilience effects, a pandemic influenza outbreak could result in a loss in U.S. GDP of $25.4 billion, but that vaccination could reduce the losses to $19.9 billion. When behavioral and resilience factors are taken into account, a pandemic influenza outbreak could result in GDP losses of $45.3 billion without vaccination and $34.4 billion with vaccination. These results indicate the importance of including a broader set of causal factors to achieve more accurate estimates of the total economic impacts of not just pandemic influenza but biothreats in general. The results also highlight a number of actionable items that government policymakers and public health officials can use to help reduce potential economic losses from the outbreaks.     

论社会主义核心价值观视阈下的政治平等

在社会主义核心价值观的视阈中研究政治平等问题,它体现的是个人与国家、国家与社会之间关系的问题,关乎社会制度的原则、理念和价值。从政治哲学的研究角度,深入剖析以核心价值观为表征的当代中国政治现代化进程中政治平等的内涵,既表现了人类的政治实践,又体现了社会主义社会的本质要求,是马克思主义基本理论在当代中国实践中的运用。在中国特色社会主义的建设实践中,政治平等是实现社会主义核心价值观的必要环节,其实践体现了核心价值观的根本要求。     

西南联大时期的许宝騄与戴世光

许宝騄、戴世光是我国近现代数理统计和社会经济统计领域的两面旗帜。他们二位在上世纪30年代分别留学英国和美国，获得统计学博士和硕士学位。抗日战争爆发后，分别在1940年、1938年回到昆明，任教西南联大。在极其困难的条件下，他们不仅在算学系、经济学系系统讲授数理统计和社会经济统计等课程，而且作出了有重大国际影响的研究成果。艰苦而乐观的生活趣事既反映了当时特殊的时代背景，更彰显出他们高尚的人格品德。     

SOFT SKILLS,HARD SKILLS,AND THE BLACK/WHITE WAGE GAP

This study examines the relative importance of soft skills versus hard skills across occupations and its impact on the observed wage gap between Blacks and Whites in the United States. It posits that the Black/White pay gap may vary across occupations that require the use of different types of skills. We classify occupations into hard‐skill intensive versus soft‐skill intensive jobs using the skill content measures of different occupations from the Occupational Information Network (O*Net). We then use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and Current Population Survey (CPS) to investigate the impact of job skill type on the wage gap. Consistent with our theoretical predictions, we show that this wage gap in white‐collar jobs is smaller for hard‐skills jobs than it is for soft‐skills jobs. Moreover, we demonstrate that, in response to variations in the wage gap across different occupations, Blacks are more likely to self‐select themselves into hard‐skills jobs, ceteris paribus. This shows not only that discrimination against Blacks varies across occupations, but also that such discrimination induces the self‐selection of Blacks into certain occupations. Moreover, this finding highlights the role played by co‐worker/customer discrimination in explaining the racial wage gap in the U.S. labor market. (JEL J15, J31)     

清代旅浙徽州藏书家鲍廷博与吴骞的交往考察

鲍廷博与吴骞是清代旅居浙江的徽州藏书家，他们居住的地方即现在的嘉兴地区。二人因共同的藏书爱好而结下了亦师亦友的关系，收藏书籍过程中的诗文互动、校勘题跋等活动加深了彼此之间的友谊。与此同时，在他们的交往活动中，不少江浙文化名人也参与其中，共同的书籍收藏喜好繁荣了当地的文化，客观上促进了经济的发展，扩展了徽州文化的影响。而《吴骞日记》更是记载了不少关于鲍廷博的生平活动，尤其是对两人以藏书活动为中心的往来有很多详细描述，这对补遗《鲍廷博年谱》具有重要学术价值，同时也为从另外一个方面了解鲍廷博的人生轨迹提供了视角。毫无疑问，鲍廷博与吴骞的这些藏书文化活动让寓居地人民对旅外徽州人的评价也产生正面影响，因此深入研究他们的交往，对后世学者了解当时旅居浙江的徽州人融入当地社会具有重要意义。     

大学外语教学改革的价值取向:从对“法”的拘囿转向对人的关注

外语教学长期拘囿于寻找“最佳的教学方法”。我国大学外语教学领域存在着追赶国外“最新教学法”的现象，将外语学习和教学简单化、模式化，忽视了学习者和教师的认知与情感。Kumaravadivelu首次提出了“后方法”的概念，提出特定性、实践性和可能性三个基本参数的外语教学原则和十大宏观教学策略。教师在教学策略的指导下，结合三个基本参数转化成特定的教学措施，创造出各种不同的微观策略，应用于教学实践。“后方法”教学理念主张动态开放的外语教学，一方面关注对外语学习者的研究，倡导“以学生为中心”；另一方面注重教师对教学理论的反思与创设。教学法研究的重点从“法”的拘囿转向人的自主和自由。教师和学生的主体作用越来越受到关注。     

高精度低速数据采集系统

本文为Applel Ⅱ微型计算机提供了一种廉价的高精度低速数据采集系统。该系统的采样频率为3Hz,精度为1/20000,并拥有8个模拟输入通道,适用于仪表自动记录等低速环境。     

五四时期马克思主义与无政府主义的交锋——以《新青年》为中心

五四时期,马克思主义与很多社会思潮有过思想交锋,其中与无政府主义的交锋影响深远.以《新青年》为中心,通过梳理《新青年》文本上关于无政府主义思潮的介绍,阐述马克思主义与无政府主义交锋的核心内容与经过,可以揭示这一交锋对早期马克思主义传播的重大意义.     

超越经济主义:"民主评议"与解放初期天津青年搬运工人改造

不同于传统社会主义策略的理论视角,研究揭示了"民主评议"策略在克服工人阶级"经济主义"问题中的重要作用.通过对解放初期天津搬运工人改造的案例分析,着重考察中国共产党如何运用"民主评议"策略,在大幅降低运输成本的同时,取得运输系统的领导权.研究发现,相比于传统社会主义策略,"民主评议"策略主要有以下不同之处:在实施条件上,"民主评议"策略将工人身份的多样性而非统一性视为解决"经济主义"问题的主要依据;在实施目的 上,共产党人旨在消解工人的多样化身份而非利用这些身份;"民主评议"策略兼有"运动战"与"阵地战"特征,一方面通过轮训培养工人积极分子;另一方面,在公开的评议过程中,迅速获得绝大部分工人的同意,并充分发挥群众力量.