Assessing Risk‐Based Upper Limits of Melamine Migration from Food Containers

Melamine contamination of food has become a major food safety issue because of incidents of infant disease caused by exposure to this chemical. This study was aimed at establishing a safety limit in Taiwan for the degree of melamine migration from food containers. Health risk assessment was performed for three exposure groups (preschool children, individuals who dine out, and elderly residents of nursing homes). Selected values of tolerable daily intake (TDI) for melamine were used to calculate the reference migration concentration limit (RMCL) or reference specific migration limit (RSML) for melamine food containers. The only existing values of these limits for international standards today are 1.2 mg/L (0.2 mg/dm²) in China and 30 mg/L (5 mg/dm²) in the European Union. The factors used in the calculations included the specific surface area of food containers, daily food consumption rate, body weight, TDI, and the percentile of the population protected at a given migration concentration limit (MCL). The results indicate that children are indeed at higher risk of melamine exposure at toxic levels than are other groups and that the 95th percentile of MCL (specific surface area = 5) for children aged 1–6 years should be the RMCL (0.07 mg/dm²) for protecting the sensitive and general population.     

Is Tattooing a Risk Factor for Adolescents’ Criminal Behavior? Empirical Evidence from an Administrative Data Set of Juvenile Detainees in Taiwan

Juvenile crime affects not only the victims of the crime but also the delinquents’ future. How to prevent adolescent criminal behavior has become an important public policy issue. This study contributes to this interesting issue by examining the relationship between tattooing and adolescents’ criminal behavior. In particular, this study investigates whether or not having a tattoo/tattoos is connected to the incidence of various criminal activities, including: larceny, robbery, fraud, assault, drug use, and homicide. A unique sample of 973 juvenile detainees drawn from the administrative profiles in Taiwan and the coarsened exact matching method were utilized. Results show that compared to their nontattooed counterparts, tattooed juvenile detainees were significantly more likely to commit fraud, assault, drug abuse, and homicide by 3%, 13%, 9%, and 9%, respectively. In contrast, tattooing was not significantly associated with larceny or robbery. From a policy perspective, given the significant link between tattooing and criminal behavior, the presence of a tattoo in adolescents may serve as a valuable indicator regarding adolescents’ high probability of committing crimes.     

皖北地区旅游业发展制约因素的个案研究

皖北地区旅游业是安徽省旅游业发展的短板，要实现皖北旅游业快速发展就要深究皖北旅游业发展缓慢的症结所在。本文选取淮北市作为调查点，从主客观方面分析了制约淮北市旅游业发展的因素并提出解决对策，以此为皖北旅游业发展提供借鉴。     

萧寒:一位满族音乐的复兴者

12年前,满族人萧寒第一次知道,自己的祖先是有音乐的. 那时,有21年乐龄的萧寒曾因维持生计在沈阳经营着嬉皮士酒吧.酒吧每周末都组织前卫音乐会、先锋艺术表演、实验戏剧、地下电影展映.在辽沈地区数量不多的文艺青年眼中,“嬉皮士”酒吧就是抱团取暖的篝火,就像它的名字一样,为这座工业城市的刻板生活提供了另一种可能. 萧寒是这团篝火的中心,那年他只有25岁,土生土长在沈阳,个子不高,面目白皙,一头长发,中音浑厚.他从高中时开始迷恋摇滚乐,22岁时组建了乐队“末日毒瘤”,在摇滚乐的震颤中嚣张度日.     

东方“三月三”民俗浅议

本文结合实地考察,对东方美孚方言区"三月三"民俗文化加以浅议。     

汉语不平等同义并列式双音词研究

目前,语法学界对汉语同义并列式双音词构词法的分析只到"并列"为止,没有进一步深入探讨这两个语素是怎样的并列状态。笔者认为同义并列式双音词的两个语素地位并不是绝对平等的,据此,可以把不平等同义并列式双音词分为三种类型———后限定式、前限定式、附加式。前、后限定式的不平等同义并列分别与偏正、动补结构在表意上具有相同的作用,这种跨结构的表意上的一致性,归根到底是为了适应汉语双音化和表意精确化的要求。     

The empirical Bayes estimators of the parameter of the Poisson distribution with a conjugate gamma prior under Stein's loss function

For the hierarchical Poisson and gamma model, we calculate the Bayes posterior estimator of the parameter of the Poisson distribution under Stein's loss function which penalizes gross overestimation and gross underestimation equally and the corresponding Posterior Expected Stein's Loss (PESL). We also obtain the Bayes posterior estimator of the parameter under the squared error loss and the corresponding PESL. Moreover, we obtain the empirical Bayes estimators of the parameter of the Poisson distribution with a conjugate gamma prior by two methods. In numerical simulations, we have illustrated: The two inequalities of the Bayes posterior estimators and the PESLs; the moment estimators and the Maximum Likelihood Estimators (MLEs) are consistent estimators of the hyperparameters; the goodness-of-fit of the model to the simulated data. The numerical results indicate that the MLEs are better than the moment estimators when estimating the hyperparameters. Finally, we exploit the attendance data on 314 high school juniors from two urban high schools to illustrate our theoretical studies.     

上海西南地区形成发展热点研究

强化上海西南地区发展特质,应以先进制造业引领打造长三角制造业标杆,建设"上海制造"品牌重要承载区.加快头部企业和高端人才引入,提升产业链带动能力.在企业引入方面,推进"生物医药、美丽健康、绿色化工、节能环保、新型显示、集成电路"为核心的具有牵引力和影响力的重大项目向该区域高度集聚,建设高品质产业集聚区,扩大头部企业在沪产能.借助产业联盟等形式,建立园区内企业供需对接、政企交流平台,打造稳固的产业生态.     

唐国史中的史实遮蔽与形象建构——以玄宗先天二年政变书写为中心

先天二年政变是玄宗最终掌握最高权力的惊险一跃,而这一事件牵涉到玄宗与睿宗父子间激烈的权力争夺,因此唐代史官在国史中对这一事件进行了全面的讳饰。然而以张说所作的郭元振《行状》为切入点,结合相关文献记载,则可展示玄宗与睿宗及太平公主在政变之前激烈的政治较量、七月三日政变当天的整个过程,同时揭示政变后玄宗通过削弱政变功臣郭元振的权柄、最终掌握所有权力的真相。对于这场政变全方位的探索,显示唐代国史的书写通过遮蔽政治事件的关键性细节、重塑参与其中的政治人物,从而使史书记载最终符合其"政治正确"的逻辑。