清末“急务”与“本源”的失调——以鸦片禁政期间的财政窘况为背景

清末新政时期的编练新军和振兴实业分别被谕旨称为“急务”和“本源”,这是新政时期国家振兴的重要国策。两项国策的推行均需要有大量的财政投入。由于推行鸦片禁政,国产和进口鸦片税厘大幅度缩减,影响了中央和地方财政的拓展。在清廷的督催下,练兵新政不断得到强化,成为中央和地方财政支出的大项,这必然导致振兴实业因缺少足够的资金注入和宽松的税收环境而举步维艰。尤其是在制定国家预算的过程中,海陆军经费占据了国家财政预算相当高的比例,振兴实业这一国策在财政预算中并未明显地体现出来,形成了练兵“急务”突出,而实业“本源”却不断弱化的现实,两者在财政困绌条件下事实上处于“失衡”状态。朝野各方由此对军政失调、过分突出军备的倾向颇有微词,尤以各种报章的批评言论最为尖锐,国外人士对清廷推行新政中本末倒置现象的批评性观点也通过各种途径体现出来。清亡的原因也可借此得到一定的解释。     

《蒙特利尔公约》下的赔偿责任体系及相关问题

1999年《蒙特利尔公约》随着美国作为第30个国家的加入,已于2003年11月4日正式生效。经我国人民代表大会批准,公约于2005年7月31日对我国生效。本文通过对《蒙特利尔公约》与其之前的公约(华沙公约体系和IATA责任体制)进行比较,阐述了公约的重要意义及重要新增内容,探讨了公约相关问题。     

北京话的轻音和语法化

北京话是汉语发展变化最快的方言。北京话在语法化的过程中,轻音(包括轻声和语句轻音)是极为重要的形式标志和变化动因。本文就北京话轻音和语法化相关的问题作一些探讨,指出北京话构词后缀的产生、虚词的虚化都与轻音有着密切的关系。     

腊八趣话

“腊八”,即农历的十二月初八日。它是中国古代极为重要的传统节日。从时序上看,过了腊八,春节就指日可待了。农历的十二月称“腊月”。“腊与“猎”字通。其原始义为:人们在用猎获的牺牲举行祭礼,驱邪避灾,纳福迎祥。《礼记·效特牲》中有:“伊耆氏始为蜡。蜡也者,索也岁十二月,合聚万物而索飨之也的记载。但腊月初八日作为一个节日,是从南北朝才渐至成型的。戎昱有一首《桂州腊夜》的诗:坐到三更尽,归仍万里赊。雪声偏傍竹,寒梦不离家。晓角分残漏,孤灯落碎花。二年随骠骑,辛苦向天涯。这是作者腊夜的怀乡之作。羁之思,人生况味,溢于其间…     

间歇开放系统的可靠性分析与数值计算

研究了一种新型的可靠性系统，即间歇开放系统。在建立数学模型的基础上，我们详细分析了系统有关的可靠性问题，不仅获得时刻ｔ系统失效的概率和（０，ｔ］中系统失效的平均次数的瞬态解，而且也获得其平稳结果。最后用数值计算比较了间歇开放系统和经典系统的差别。     

The effects of the age and structure of population on family change]

The age structure of a population is one basic factor of population research. It is not only affected by birth, death, immigration, and marriage, but it also reflected in changes of family size. The article analyzed it from two aspects: (1) the age structure of population acts on the size and structure of the family. The younger the age structure, the larger the family size. Otherwise, it is the opposite. According to the 1982 census, 35.4% of the population was 0-14 years in rural areas, and average family size was 4.6; but in urban areas 26.0% of the population was 0-14 years and family size was 3.9. The family was characterized as a nuclear family as industrialization in economic development increased and the population aged. In the 1982 census, 64.7% were nuclear family and 6% were aging population in China. Three- generation families (or more) have decreased dramatically. The change of family size and structure is affected by change of internal family age structure. The younger population (0-14 years) is dependent and 90% live with their parents. The adult population (15-59) years are more affected by marriage, birth and social economic action. Families are established in this age period and give much more effect to fertility. The aging population (over 60) years is facing changes. They appear to be a "Defect" family because the wife or husband has passed away. They change from independent to dependent. 78.3% population over 60 years were dependent on children or social welfare, only 21.7% were independent according to the survey in Beijing Changping County.     

Physician executives: where they are and what they do

As hospital operations become increasingly complex, so does the institution's management and organizational structure. Physician executives with titles of medical director, vice president for medical affairs, medical administrator, chief of staff, medical staff president, etc., are playing more important roles than ever before. This article will briefly review some recent literature describing physician executive profiles. The results from a survey of ten university teaching hospitals are also presented as supplementary information regarding current staffing models. Finally, several physician executive staffing-related issues will be discussed in light of the literature and the survey results.     

A survey of the family planning work done in Dongguan County

The total fertility rate of women of childbearing age of Dongguan County in China has been decreasing gradually from 5.9 during the period following the liberation in 1949 to 2.05 in 1982. In order to encourage young couples to implement the policy of family planning consciously, the people's government of Dongguan county decided in July 1980 that all cadres and employees in county towns who received 1-child certificates would be exempted from house rent of 45 square meters from the time they get their certificates and would be allocated a living space of a 2-children family until their children reached age 16. It also stipulated that every couple could enjoy 1 month's holiday every year for 3 years and during the holiday, their salary, bonus and rate of attendance would not be affected. Because women bear less children today, they are relieved from heavy household chores and become the main working force in collective production. As a result, the development of town-run enterprises was stimulated and the total industrial output value of these enterprises increased. The average monthly salary of each female worker is about 100 yuan. In 1984, the average income per capita of the country rose to 649.2 yuan. The implementation of family planning work has eased the tension in the education field. Previously, because of the large number of school-age children in rural areas, teachers had to teach 2 classes. In the past 4 years, great emphasis was laid on intellectual investment. During this period, 2351 schools were built and several fundraising projects were implemented. Since 1981, more than 200 new running water projects were built, and new public services have been developed, including old age homes.     

Inefficiency of strategy-proof allocation mechanisms in pure exchange economies

In this paper I prove that in the standard model of 2×n (n2) pure exchange economies there is no allocation mechanism that is efficient, non-inversely-dictatorial, and strategy-proof. This strengthens two previous results on this subject by Hurwicz and by Dasgupta, Hammond, and Maskin.I thank Alvin Klevorick, William Thomson, and an anonymous referee of the journal for many helpful comments.     

A case study of the labour market status of recent mainland Chinese immigrants,metropolitan Toronto

"This article focuses on an analysis of the labour market status of recent MCIs [mainland Chinese immigrants to Canada], taking into account such factors as gender, educational attainment, language proficiency and period of arrival (or length of residence in Canada), and uses Metropolitan Toronto as a case study. The effect of each factor on MCIs' labour market status will be analysed separately, followed by two logit models examining the simultaneous effects of the factors and their relative importance." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)