郑玄《尚书》训诂的谶纬化

郑玄是汉学的总结性人物,其《尚书》训诂,是东汉《尚书》学之代表。郑玄《尚书》训诂,融古文、今文、谶纬于一体,是两汉《尚书》学谶纬化范围扩大的最好例证。通过郑玄,我们可以知道,古今文《尚书》学的对立并不妨碍双方对谶纬的吸收,谶纬在郑玄手中变成整合古今文《尚书》学的桥梁。     

云南省大学生信息消费的调研报告

在信息消费飞速发展的今天,大学生作为一个特殊的消费群体正受到越来越多的关注.由于大学生年龄较轻,群体较特别,他们有着不同于社会其他消费群体的消费心理和行为.笔者通过400多份问卷调查及走访学生,对大学生信息消费情况进行调查研究,旨在树立大学生科学、合理的消费观,倡导大学生健康的消费意识,引导大学生养成勤俭节约的传统美德.     

浅论股权的法律属性

股权问题是现代企业制度的核心问题，它对于理顺股东与公司之间的产权关系，无论在理论还是实际运作中都意义深远。随着国有企业改革的进展，我国公司立法及公司制度的兴起，关于如何界定国家与企业产权关系、股东权的法律保护等问题引起了广泛而长久的争论，而要正确解决这些问题的关键在于要弄清股权的性质，理清股权的法律属性。股权的法律属性表明它是一种与人身相关联、具有独立的权能形式、有其自身特征、内容和法律关系的完整而独立的权利形态，是一种新型的财产性民事权利。     

小灵通和CDMA发展比较

中国电信业的改革，虽然距离预期的目标还有较大的差距，但已经极大地激发了时我国电信业的需求。小灵通和CDMA见证了我国电信业的发展和竞争。论文从市场性、经济性和发展的可持续性三个方面对小灵通和CDMA的发展进行了比较。分析结果显示：在市场性上，小灵通优于CDMA，但是它们在经济性和持续性上都表现不佳。     

从认知角度诠释英语名词短语的前、后置修饰语

本文从认知语言学的次范畴化理论出发，探讨了英语名词短语中前置修饰语和后置修饰语的认知功能和特点。名词短语中修饰语的功能是对名词所指事物进行次范畴化即从不同的角度对名词所指事物进行更细致的划分。前置修饰语的次范畴化功能具有以稳定、持久属性为参照的认知特点，而后置修饰语一般都是对某个特别语境下中心词暂时性的次范畴化。     

论文学文本的构成特性

在文学文本的构成问题上,一直存在着"要素论"和"层次论"的分歧和争论.综合古今中外有关观点.文学文本应是一个多层面有机构成的整体,这些层面可进一步归纳为言、象、意三个大的层次,这三个层次各有其相对独立的价值,又因其内在关联而联结成一个统一整体,共同担负和体现着文本结构的意指功能与审美功能相统一的整体性功能.文学文本结构的这种整体性功能也决定了它的非自足性和全面开放性,它的产生和存在有赖于作者的创造,它的实现和完成以及在历史中的发展变化也有待于读者的阅读和接受.     

Bootstrap Estimation of Benchmark Doses and Confidence Limits with Clustered Quantal Data

The benchmark dose (BMD) is an exposure level that would induce a small risk increase (BMR level) above the background. The BMD approach to deriving a reference dose for risk assessment of noncancer effects is advantageous in that the estimate of BMD is not restricted to experimental doses and utilizes most available dose-response information. To quantify statistical uncertainty of a BMD estimate, we often calculate and report its lower confidence limit (i.e., BMDL), and may even consider it as a more conservative alternative to BMD itself. Computation of BMDL may involve normal confidence limits to BMD in conjunction with the delta method. Therefore, factors, such as small sample size and nonlinearity in model parameters, can affect the performance of the delta method BMDL, and alternative methods are useful. In this article, we propose a bootstrap method to estimate BMDL utilizing a scheme that consists of a resampling of residuals after model fitting and a one-step formula for parameter estimation. We illustrate the method with clustered binary data from developmental toxicity experiments. Our analysis shows that with moderately elevated dose-response data, the distribution of BMD estimator tends to be left-skewed and bootstrap BMDL s are smaller than the delta method BMDL s on average, hence quantifying risk more conservatively. Statistically, the bootstrap BMDL quantifies the uncertainty of the true BMD more honestly than the delta method BMDL as its coverage probability is closer to the nominal level than that of delta method BMDL. We find that BMD and BMDL estimates are generally insensitive to model choices provided that the models fit the data comparably well near the region of BMD. Our analysis also suggests that, in the presence of a significant and moderately strong dose-response relationship, the developmental toxicity experiments under the standard protocol support dose-response assessment at 5% BMR for BMD and 95% confidence level for BMDL.     

Maternity and child health care in urban China

In China the effort to develop maternal and child health (MCH) care has been ongoing. Initially, attention was directed primarily to promulgating a modern method of delivery in an effort neonatal tetanus and puerperal fever. The next stage was the systematic management of MCH care. Pregnant women and puerperants were given a series of checkups and guidance from conception until the 42nd day after delivery. The purpose was to prevent and treat complications. In some cities, perinatal care has developed to the point of health care management of the health of both mother and child. This extensive health care system includes preconception and pregnancy care, puerperant care, and neonatal care. Premarital checks have become the rule in the urban areas. MCH care organizations at the grassroots level and community health workers take responsibility for advising newly married couples about health care. In addition, some medical colleges and their affiliated hospitals provide consultation services for these couples. The Shanghai Railway Medical College uses a computer to make projections on multigenic genetic diseases. It provides information on incidence risk of the next generation to help couples make their childbearing decisions. The majority of pregnant women get their 1st prenatal check prior to the 12th week of pregnancy, followed by 9 re-examinations to screen out high risk factors. Difficult labor, infections, obstetric trauma, postpartum hemorrhage, and fetal distress are prevented at childbirth. Newborns are scored with Apgar comments; those with low marks are specially protected. In some cities, an investigation system has been established to deal with perinatal deaths. Perinatal care is managed at 3 levels: community MCH centers and MCH departments of hospitals, clinics, and industrial enterprises form the 1st level of care; MCH centers of city districts and hospitals at the district level make up the 2nd level of care; and MCH institutes or hospitals at provincial or city levels, hospitals attached to medical colleges, and hospitals under government ministries form the 3rd level of care.     

我国上市公司盈余管理行为的实证分析

我国证券市场存在较为严重的盈余管理现象.针对该现象,本文从盈余管理动机出发,分析我国上市公司盈余管理的行为特征.本文采用管理后盈余分布法,研究了我国上市公司2001年至2003年净资产收益率(ROE)的分布特征,发现我国上市公司仍然存在很强的盈余管理动机,而且我国上市公司盈余管理的行为受到政府监管的影响.最后,本文在实证研究的基础上提出了治理盈余管理的几点建议.