新兴工业化中等收入国家的环境执法创新

本文考察了中国、巴西、印尼和墨西哥这几个新兴工业化中等收入国家为了改善环境法律执行状况而在近期采用的五种创新手段。在这五个案例中,当环境执法机关与其他国家机关、民间主体或市场主体联合起来形成执法联盟时,执法机关的监管能力得以扩大。此外,不同类型的主体参与环境执法对于执法的持续性效果具有一定的影响。更重要的是,当被监管企业通过自我检查、自我报告以及标签分类方案而参与环境监管时,监管机关对被监管企业遵守法律的设计方案与守法决心更具有依赖性。研究发现,由于中等收入国家的环境违法行为较为普遍,加上公众和市场对企业和产品的标签分类方案响应能力不足,所以,以降低监管自主性为特点的执法创新在中等收入国家的应用具有更大的风险。     

几个欧洲国家继续工程教育的比较研究

一、欧洲国家继续教育的法规建设在英、法、德、意、荷、西班牙六国中,尽管有的国家有“继续教育法”,有的有“职业培训法”,或者是想完善有关继续教育方面的法律,但没有一个国家有法国那样健全的继续教育法规。大多数国家的法律确立了继续教育的原则或规定了国家、地方和企业三者间应分担的职责和义务;一些国家的法律规定了继续教育工作基本上由大学来完成;只有法国对所有企业的继续教育经费的多少作了明确规定,其他五国则没有。 1.企业的资金预算和资金筹措我们所选六个国家的基本法都规定继续     

世界各民族人口迁移简述

战后几十年来,人口迁移的特点发生了相当重大的变化。在迁移发展过程中,除了经济因素经常起着重要作用外,政治因素(新的国家建立、国界变化、民族解放斗争、各国的政治经济改革等等)对决定迁移方向具有越来越大的意义。有时,迁移还受民族和宗教动因的制约。随着都市化的发展速度日益加快,仍然是从农村到城市的移民规模最大。     

Thailand population statistics] as of April 1, 1994

This one page profile gives population statistics for April 1994 in Thailand. Total population is estimated to be 58,656,000 persons, of whom 29,310,000 were male and 29,346,000 were female. The population was 18,019,000 in urban areas and 40,637,000 in rural areas. Regional population was distributed as follows: 7,532,000 in the Northern Region, 19,773,000 in the Northeastern Region, 7,174,000 in the Southern Region, 14,652,000 in the Central Region excluding Bangkok Metropolis, and 7,525,000 in Bangkok Metropolis. 35,669,000 women were of reproductive age (15-44 years). As regards the general population, 19,614,000 were aged 6-21 years, 35,669,000 were aged 20 years or older, 16,893,000 were aged under 15 years, 37,481,000 were aged 15-59 years, and 4,282,000 were aged 60 years or older. The crude birth rate was 18.5/1000 total population. The crude death rate was 6.4/1000 total population. The natural growth rate was 1.2%. The infant mortality rate was 34.5/1000 live births. Life expectancy at birth was 67.7 years for males and 72.4 years for females. Life expectancy at 60 years was 18.8 years for males and 22.0 years for females. The total fertility rate was 1.95 children/woman. Contraceptive prevalence was 75.0%. Population is expected to increase to 71,414,000 persons in the year 2012. A separate graph indicates the estimated numbers of child prostitutes based on five different assumptions about total numbers of commercial sex workers in 1993.     

Population statistics] as of July 1, 2000

This Mahidol Population Gazette presents Thailand's population and demographic estimates as of July 1, 2000, using the standard techniques of demographic analysis. The paper provides estimates of Thailand's total population, population by sex, population in urban and rural areas, population by region, and by age group. In addition, figures of crude birth and death are listed per 1000 population, natural growth rate, and infant mortality rate per 1000 live births, male and females' life expectancy at birth and at age 60, total fertility rate, contraceptive prevalence rate. The number of the aged population in 2020 is also presented. Presented in a bar graph is a population pyramid for Thailand in the year 2000, illustrating male and females' age and year of birth.     

Population statistics] as of April 1, 1995

A one-page compendium of population data as of April 1, 1995, was provided for Thailand. Total population reached 59,160,000: 29,562,000 males and 29,598,000 females, and 18,683,000 in urban and 40,477,000 in rural areas. Regional distribution of population was 11,884,000 in the North region, 19,262,000 in the Northeast, 7,406,000 in the South, 12,834,000 in the Central (excluding Bangkok Metropolis), and 7,774,000 in Bangkok Metropolis. The age distribution of the population was as follows: 17,038,000 under 15 years old; 37,803,000 aged 15-59 years; 4,319,000 over 60 years old; 19,782,000 aged 6-21 years; 38,226,000 aged 18 years and older; 35,975,000 aged 20 years and older; and 15,273,000 women 15-44 years old. The crude birth rate was 17.4 per 1000 population. The crude death rate was 6.1 per 1000 population. The natural growth rate was 1.1%. The infant mortality rate was 30.9 per 1000 live births. Life expectancy at birth was 66.6 years for males and 71.7 years for females. Life expectancy at 60 years was 18.8 additional years for males and 22.0 additional years for females. The total fertility rate was 1.95 per woman. Contraceptive prevalence was 74.0%. Projected population in 2012 was 70,995,000 persons. Among youth 15-24 years old, 9% of rural single males and females, 25% of other urban single males, and 45% of single Bangkok males lived away from parents. 34% of single other urban females and 31% of single Bangkok females lived away from parents. In rural areas, 36% of married males and 42% of married females lived away from parents. In other urban areas, 64% of married males and 75% of married females lived away from parents. In Bangkok, 99% of married males and 81% of married females lived away from parents.     

Population statistics] as of January 1, 1995

In thousands, Thailand's total population as of January 1, 1995, was 58,995, of which 29,480 were male and 29,515 were female. 18,630 live in urban areas and 40,365 live in rural areas. 11,851 live in the northern region, 19,208 to the northeast, 7385 in the South, 12,798 centrally, and 7753 in the Bangkok metropolis. 16,990 were under age 15, 37,698 aged 15-59, and 4307 aged 60 and over. There were 15,230 women of reproductive ages 15-44. Crude birth and death rates per 1000 population were 17.4 and 6.1, respectively, with an overall natural growth rate of 1.1%. Infant mortality was 30.9 per 1000 live births. Male and female life expectancies at birth were 66.6 and 71.7 years, respectively. Further life expectancies at age 60 for males and females were 18.8 and 22.0 years, respectively. The rate of total fertility per woman was 1.95 with a contraceptive prevalence rate of 74.0% and an anticipated population of 70,995 in the year 2012.     

暮年左宗棠

在1878年12月攻占喀什以后的岁月里,左宗棠忙于新疆的重组和重建。他重新规划区域,重新测量农地,重建村庄和城镇,设立学校,改革货币,改革财政体制,试图引进养蚕业,刺激农业生产,在该地区建立一种行政体制,其基础是恢复本地头人管理百姓的办法,并将之条理化。新疆于1884年建省．由左宗棠所完善的行政体制直到革命成功、推翻清朝统治之后仍然存在。     

篇章、语篇、信息——系统功能语言学视角

"篇章"和"语篇"指的是同一种事物,只是看问题的角度不同。语篇分析就是把篇章跟语言的系统联系起来。作者认为,语篇有各种变体,语码变体跟语域、语类无关。文学语言的特殊性源于语法隐喻。从事语篇分析的学者都是从自己特定的角度出发的,如,批评话语分析、积极话语分析。很多意义是不能量化的,我们不仅要重视概念意义,也要重视人际意义。作者还论证了计算机对语篇分析、机器翻译的作用。     

发展适用于活体细胞中RNA分析和成像的新型分子信标

很多研究采用分子信标技术来作为活体细胞中RNA表达研究的成像手段。然而,越来越多的证据表明,由于该技术易产生假阳性信号使得RNA的检测灵敏度显著降低。本文就如何克服这些缺陷,实现活体细胞中RNA的高灵敏检测来构建分子信标进行了阐述。