应用地理学与地理系统信息

地理系统学说这部在实践中的应用,在很大程度上取决于应用地理学的发展.众所周知,整个地理学自其刚一诞生起就是同实践相联系的.地理学在自己漫长的发展历史中,在人类活动的各个不同领域中得到了应用.其中,地域的开发和完善设施很早就已是地理知识广泛应用于实践的领域.而把应用地理学作为地理科学的独特分支,某些学者曾经表示怀疑.但是,当地理学所面临的应用任务范围增大,并提出必须进行综合预报的问题时,当对自然界各组成成分之间的联系的认识,由于环境保护而获得特殊意义时候,情况改变了.疑况且,我们这个时代最大的实际措施——《划时代建设工程》以及按国民经济发展长期计划实行的其它措施,在实现生产规划的各个阶段都需要地理信息.生活本身的情况也吸引了地理学家参加生活过程.例如,根据N.B.科马尔的资料,现在莫斯科地理学家总人数的一半左右,在部门科学研究所,设计研究院及其它科学一生产专门机构中工作.我们认为,在苏联其它城市中心,也存在地理学家数量分布的类似情况.     

电脑、手机及其他的另类解读

每个物类都是衡量人类的尺度。 几分关注，一丝幽默，半点疯狂，将使你以别样的目光看待物类，看待世界。     

宗教社会学范式及理论的新进展

20世纪90年代以后,宗教社会学领域出现了新的理论范式。新范式是理解美国宗教的框架,旧范式则来源于欧洲的宗教传统。新范式的内容包括理性选择理论、似真性理论和仪式理论。目前,新范式开始运用于中国、印度等国家的宗教研究,似乎要成为普世性的理论模式。     

第三世界的心理学

工业化国家的大多数公民仅仅是通过间接的、被大众媒介所歪曲的信息图像来认识第三世界的。尽管他们从那些普及全球的图像中日益了解到第三世界的贫困、内乱和滥用人权,但似乎没有什么人去关心改变那些痛苦的现实,仿佛发展中世界不存在严重的问题。无知、漠不关心以及一种防范丧失人性化的方式,使得我们这些居住在工业化社会的人把第三世界视为有别于我们自己的另一个世界,他们的存在与我们毫不相干。     

《谁的正义?哪种理性?》一书概要

该书的姊妹篇《谁的正义?哪种理性?》于1988年出版,把探索的触角伸展到正义和理性概念上。作者本人对这两部书都曾著文介绍,前书介绍已由白锡堃先生译出,见《国外社会科学》1985年第5期。这里译出的是他对后一本书的介绍。     

困惑的一代

他们出生于H.马尔库塞发表《乌托邦的终结》一书的那个时代。他们是由在1968年5月愉快地推翻一切模式的父辈培养起来的一代。现在,他们迈进了失业社会,指责其父母只给他们留下了一种装璜门面的遗产。社会学家、经济学家、广告员都在观察他们。他们是些什么人?他们想做什么?他们对未来的法国有何影响?在美国,这个年龄段的人被称为“X的一代力,即未知的一代。这一代人有一种时尚,即“grunge”,这种时尚已跨越大西洋。     

19世纪末俄国期刊关于李鸿章的述评

李鸿章在19世纪末的三十余年间曾是中国政府要人,他对于中国的内外政策都具有重要影响。这一时期中国正成为世界政治的中心,李鸿章这一人物尤其引起国外的关注。这一时期的时事报道,经常有李鸿章的名字出现,并纷纷刊载有关他生平及活动的文章。     

Organization and implementation of China's national sampling survey on fertility and birth control

The Planning and Statistical Department of the State Family Planning Commission of China in July 1988 implemented a fertility and birth control survey in China on 2.16 million married women ages 15-57 using stratified, systematic, clustered, and non-proportionate sampling. 3 questionnaires were used: household, married women, and sample unit covering basic status, family planning status, general characteristics of pregnancy and contraception, population flow, deaths since 1981, and socioeconomic status. The authors suggest several international cooperative research projects including: design of fertility and contraception survey; Chinese population growth; Chinese population dynamics; dynamics of marital and family status; fertility; contraception and birth control; mortality; migration; status of the nationalities of China; population development; regional fertility status; and others. Data from the survey will be available in June 1989.     

Current status of and prospects for China Population Information Centre

The China Population information Centre (CPIC), set up in May 1980, is a national institution for population information research under the State Family Planning Commission. Its main functions are to 1) collect, process, and distribute and foreign materials on population and family planning; 2) collect, tabulate, and analyze population and family planning data; 3) keep abreast of new population and family planning developments within and outside the country; 4) edit and publish information materials; and 5) provide information users with diversified services. The CPIC has 8 operational units: 1) the Library, 2) the Statistics Division, 3) the 1st Information Research Division, 4) the 2nd Information Research Division, 5) the Editorial Division, 6) the Translation Division, 7) the Computer Division, and 8) the Technical Support Division.     

Measures to facilitate the return and reintegration of highly skilled migrants into African countries

A very large number of skilled Africans are found to be operating in the developed industrialized countries of the West at a time when their national economies are crying out for their services. Ways must be found to return as many of these skilled Africans as possible to the African economy. This out-migration or brain drain has a number of causes, including: 1) real incomes in Africa have been on the decline in the past several years while prices were constantly rising. Professional and salaried workers seek employment in other countries that pay much higher salaries. 2) Promotion on criteria other than merit is common in Africa and diligence and high productivity are not often rewarded. 3) Political interference frustrates public services professionals; they are rendered unable to use their professional judgement in making decisions that affect the economic and social fabric. 4) The inadequacy of higher education facilities and opportunities in African countries encourages the brightest and best qualified Africans to go to Western Europe and North America for school; they tend not to return after graduation. 5) Political upheavals and general instability contribute to feelings of individual insecurity, sending Africans to seek sanctuary in more politically stable and less repressive environments. Actions needed to control this out-migration include: 1) incentive systems should be reviewed with a view to providing realistic levels of renumeration and working conditions should be made to promote job satisfaction and self-actualization. 2) Capacities and capabilities should be strengthened so as to ensure that production of goods and services becomes indigenized and that the development and operation of institutions emanates from within the continent. 3) Educational services should be expanded and improved to obviate the need for large numbers of Africans to seek educational opportunities abroad.