世俗化的终结?——关于现代社会宗教供给与需求的变迁

基于宗教是一种前科学世界观,自启蒙运动以来,诸多著名社会科学家纷纷预言:进入现代社会以后,宗教会逐渐消失,人类将进入世俗化社会。这一经典世俗化理论目前正在遭遇理论与现实的双重挑战。宗教市场理论认为,对宗教的需求是永恒存在的;作为对这种需求的回应,宗教机构与宗教活动也就不会消亡。现实情况是,尽管以美国为代表的发达国家宗教信仰日渐式微,从绝对人口看,当今世界持有明确宗教信仰者却反而比30年前更多。要解释世俗化面临的这种挑战,有两个关键的变量,一是生存安全感,二是代际人口更替。可以肯定的是,经济和物质上的不安全感是推动人们走向宗教信仰的关键因素。因此,从世界范围来看,富裕国家或一个社会中的富裕人群总是越来越远离宗教;与之相对应的是,那些生存安全受到威胁的人群或者族群,则往往更依赖于信仰。从短时期来看,代际人口更替导致的宗教化相对于世俗化的强劲态势仍将延续;而从长远来看,宗教是否会消亡,一个真正的世俗化社会是否会来临,将取决于社会生产力的进一步发展,能够在多大程度上和在多大范围内给人们带来持久的生存安全感。     

异化和无产阶级专政

当马克思的思想向前发展的时候,我们发现他的关于无产阶级专政的理论、关于克服异化的理论、关于革命的理论三者之间的关系中,存在着一系列的变动,不相协调,也许甚至还有矛盾。这些就是我们打算探索和清理的问题。马克思的政治著作的目的,从1843年起,就是克服现代国家的异化。国家不应该再君临于社会之上,作为一个分离而独立的力量统治着社会而又不受社会公民的控制。国家作为     

中国纺织业大获成功

行业历史上涉及面最广的改革,使中国垄断了服装贸易。车先生(John Cheh)穿着自己公司制作的衬衫,他是中国溢达集团香港公司主席.     

关于印度河流域古文字译释

我对考古学一无所知,但我一直关注着印度河流域古文字解读的进展。我不知在我有生之年这种文字的奥秘是否能被揭开。看来是被揭开了。读到S·R·拉奥博士于1979年11月发表在《印度国内外评论》上的简短而惊人的文章(译文载《民族译丛》1980年第3期——译者)令我十分高兴。W·A·小费尔塞维斯的大部头著作《古印度起源》(1971年)中提到了拉奥博士(但是未予肯定)。在费尔塞维斯教授的著作中没有谈到,闻     

青少年饮酒:多种研究方法的综合应用

描述了综合运用定性和定量方法对中国青少年饮酒问题所进行的研究.使用文化人类学中的定量方法对三个已知可预测行为的心理学变量进行初步的小样本研究.这三个心理学变量是:青少年对饮酒行为后果的期望(饮酒期望),青少年对中国传统文化和西方文化所持的观点(文化取向),以及青少年在处理饮酒压力方面所表现的信心(自我效能).定性研究所获得的资料被用来设计问卷,测量饮酒期望,文化取向和自我效能.定量数据的调查在大样本青少年人群中进行.统计分析表明,这些问卷能够发现饮酒者和不饮酒者在饮酒期望、文化取向、自我效能方面的差别.对于调查数据进行深入分析的结果,将为政策的制订和健康教育项目的设计指明方向,降低青少年的饮酒风险.     

Thinking critically about the Internet: suggestions for practitioners

Parents have a long history of seeking child-rearing information in the popular media. This trend continues on the World Wide Web, with the number of parents online still on the rise. The Web offers speed, 24-hour access, and extremely large quantities of child rearing information. Although the availability of huge quantities of childrearing information has many positive aspects, there is a serious risk of exposure to erroneous and potentially harmful information due to the absence of monitoring of online material. This article summarizes the literature on parents' Web use and describes several steps that, if taken, will help to lessen the chance of parents' exposure to risky online material. The steps include: making parents aware of the risks, providing them with sets of screened sites that they can trust, and teaching them a few simple Web skills to improve their searching and their assessment of sites' trustworthiness.     

Yearlong physical activity and health-related quality of life in older Japanese adults: the Nakanojo Study

We hypothesized that the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) would be poorer in physically inactive older adults. This was tested in a sample of 73 male and 108 female free-living healthy Japanese participants, age 65-85 years. We measured accelerometer step counts and their metabolic equivalents (METs) throughout each 24-hr period for 1 year. At the end of the year, HRQOL was assessed. Physical activity was grouped into quartiles. HRQOL was poorer in the lowest quartiles of participants with respect to both step count and duration of activity >3 METs; however, our sample showed no better HRQOL in those participants exceeding minimum standards of daily physical activity, corresponding to counts of around 5,500 and 4,500 steps/day and durations of around 13 and 14 min/day in men and women, respectively. Causation cannot be demonstrated from this cross-sectional study, but nevertheless we suggest that elderly individuals should be encouraged to meet such standards of habitual physical activity.     

Cohort Changes in the Socio-demographic Determinants of Gender Egalitarianism

Arguments about the spread of gender egalitarian values through the population highlight several sources of change. First, structural arguments point to increases in the proportion of women with high education, jobs with good pay, commitment to careers outside the family, and direct interests in gender equality. Second, value shift arguments contend that gender norms change with social and economic development among women and men in diverse positions - traditional and non-traditional alike. Third, diffusion arguments suggest that structural change leads to adoption of new ideas and values supportive of gender equality by non-traditional and innovative groups in society, but that the new ideas later diffuse to other groups through cultural processes. Using the General Social Survey from 1977 to 2006 and comparing the determinants of gender egalitarianism across 86 cohorts born from roughly 1900 through 1985, multilevel models support the diffusion arguments.     

麦当劳抢滩莫斯科——一次流产的谈判

那是1976年蒙特利尔奥运会开幕前夕,我接到加拿大外务部官员打来的电话,告诉我加拿大政府要接待1980年莫斯科奥运会筹委会成员观摩蒙特利尔奥运会,问我是否可以提供帮助。