Sex, age, season, and habitual physical activity of older Japanese: the Nakanojo study

The interactions of sex, age, season, and habitual physical activity were examined in 41 male and 54 female Japanese age 65-83 yr, using a pedometer/accelerometer that determined step counts and amounts of physical activity (<3 and >3 metabolic equivalents [METs]) throughout each 24-hr period for an entire year. All 3 measures were greater in men than in women. In women, age was negatively correlated with step count and activity <3 METs, but in men, it was correlated with step count and activity >3 METs. Irrespective of sex or age, all 3 activity variables were low in the winter, peaking in spring or autumn. In the summer, step counts matched the annual average, but durations of activity <3 and >3 METs were, respectively, longer and shorter than in other seasons. These findings have practical implications for those promoting physical activity for older adults.     

Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in women

Osteoporosis affects one in three women. There has been some confusion among women and health professionals about the management of osteoporosis since the publication of the Women's Health Initiative and Million Women studies. This guidance regarding estrogen-based and non-estrogen-based treatments for osteoporosis responds to the controversies about the benefits and risks of individual agents. Treatment choice should be based on up-to-date evidence and targeted to individual women's needs.     

Tai Chi-based exercise for older adults with Parkinson's disease: a pilot-program evaluation

The primary objective of this study was to provide preliminary evaluation of the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a newly developed Tai Chi-based exercise program for older adults with Parkinson's disease (PD). Using a one-group pretest-posttest design, 17 community-dwelling adults (mean age 71.51 years) with mild to moderate idiopathic PD (Stage I, II, or III on the Hoehn and Yahr scale) and stable medication use completed a 5-day, 90-min/day Tai Chi exercise-evaluation program. Outcome measures included face-to-face exit interviews on appropriateness and safety and physical performance (i.e., 50-ft speed walk, up-and-go, functional reach). At the end of this brief intervention, exercise adherence was 100% and the program was shown to be safe. Exit interviews indicated that the program was well received by all participants with respect to program appropriateness, participant satisfaction and enjoyment, and intentions to continue. Furthermore, a significant pretest-to-posttest change was observed at the end of the 5-day program in all three physical-performance measures (p < .05). The results of this pilot evaluation suggest that Tai Chi is an appropriate physical activity for older adults with PD and might also be useful as a therapeutic exercise modality for improving and maintaining physical function. These preliminary findings warrant further investigation.     

日本、中国和现代世界经济

一,当前研究第三世界不发达原因的两种理论是:"传统社会"论和"世界经济"论.前者来源于M.维贝尔在对中国人、印度人、希伯莱人和新教徒文明的"伦理道德"进行比较的著作中提出的一些     

从实业人类文化学角度看组织文化研究的发展和特点

组织文化及其分支企业文化,以及与此有关的人的行为,已经成为各种现代实业组织研究关注的中心。在现代组织研究的这一浪潮中,人们采用了最初由人类学发展出来的各种文化概念,但有时“文化”被简化成不甚了然的隐喻,或是变成一种口头禅,其用法构成以社会科学和种种沿街叫卖(hucksterism)为两极的连续体。本文从文化人类学的角度考察组织文化研究的历史发展,特别是霍桑研究中的组织文化根源及由此引起的人际关系研究运动     

理解金融危机

回顾历史可以看出,每次金融危机的发生都有其客观必然性.20世纪之前,银行业恐慌频繁发生,消除恐慌和确保金融稳定就成了中央银行的主要职能之一.而银行业恐慌大都伴随着股市崩溃、银行危机、货币危机和孪生危机,这在各种各样的货币体系和管制体系内都曾经发生过.相比较而言,孪生危机造成的产出损失尤为严重.欧美等国通过设立中央银行,对化解和防范金融危机起到了重要作用.金融危机的成本有两个重要特点:一是平均成本很高,二是不同的危机成本之间有巨大差异.金融危机发生的最为重要的原因之一是资产价格的崩溃.市场力量才是真正解决问题的钥匙.许多关于金融危机的文献均出现了一种趋势,即将某一特定理论作为金融危机的一般性理论.其实没有任何一种金融危机理论能够解释金融危机现象的方方面面,溶合这些理论也许才能对此做出更好的解释.     

Marital Fertility Decline in the Netherlands: Child Mortality, Real Wages, and Unemployment, 1860–1939

Previous studies of the fertility decline in Europe are often limited to an earlier stage of the marital fertility decline, when the decline tended to be slower and before the large increase in earnings in the 1920s. Starting in 1860 (before the onset of the decline), this study follows marital fertility trends until 1939, when fertility reached lower levels than ever before. Using data from the Historical Sample of the Netherlands (HSN), this study shows that mortality decline, a rise in real income, and unemployment account for the decline in the Netherlands. This finding suggests that marital fertility decline was an adjustment to social and economic change, leaving little room for attitudinal change that is independent of social and economic change.     

衡量世界各国的生活质量

好几代人总是把美国吹捧为用黄金铺路的国家,在大部分人们向往生活的地方中,美国始终名列前茅。现在出现一项研究成果,居然认为美国并非世界上生活最好的地方。在这项研究成果列出的名单中,它被排在第42位。在这项研究世界各国生活质量的成果中,名列前茅的是丹麦。大部分西欧国家,澳大利亚、新西兰、日本、匈牙利、波兰、罗马尼亚、捷克斯洛伐克还有24个其他国家也都领先于美国。在被调查的24个富裕工业国中,美国居第22位。不过如果自然灾害这一因素不包括进去,其排列次序便有所改善。