篇章、语篇、信息——系统功能语言学视角

"篇章"和"语篇"指的是同一种事物,只是看问题的角度不同。语篇分析就是把篇章跟语言的系统联系起来。作者认为,语篇有各种变体,语码变体跟语域、语类无关。文学语言的特殊性源于语法隐喻。从事语篇分析的学者都是从自己特定的角度出发的,如,批评话语分析、积极话语分析。很多意义是不能量化的,我们不仅要重视概念意义,也要重视人际意义。作者还论证了计算机对语篇分析、机器翻译的作用。     

论亲属关系概念

《苏联民族学》1990年第3期发表了H·A·布季诺夫《论亲属关系概念》一文,现摘译如下: 亲属关系究竟是生物学事实还是社会事实?学术界已经多次提出这个问题了。为了回答这个问题,我们通常把亲属关系分为两个部分:1)亲属关系本身;2)亲属之间存在的权利和义务。亲属关系本身是生孩子即生物过程的结果,因而初看起来是一种生物学事实。因亲属关系而产生的权利和义务则是一种社会事实。     

你能提高孩子的智商

仔细考虑下列情景:作为9岁和5岁孩子的父母,你认为你已经尽了自己最大努力来帮助孩子开发智力。当他们还是婴儿,你就开始读书给他们听,给他们买教育性玩具,带他们去图书馆。现在他们在学校里表现不错,你是否可以因此而居功?但是据一些科学家的观点,即使没有你的积极努力,你的孩子可能做得一样好。 例如,亚利桑那大学的罗(D.C.Rowe)在他的《家庭影响的限度》一书中认为,父母亲的作风对孩子的智力没有影响。默里(C.Murray)和已故的赫恩施泰因(R.Herrnstein)在《正态曲线》一书中认为,智力主要是遗传的并因种族的不同而不同。这本书引起了一场争论,随后,《华尔街日报》公布了一则由52名研究人员签名的声明,认为研究“表明在产生智商差异方面,遗传所起的作用比环境因素更大。” 若干年前,许多父母被告知激发孩子的智力是     

Statistical approaches for conducting network meta-analysis in drug development

We introduce health technology assessment and evidence synthesis briefly, and then concentrate on the statistical approaches used for conducting network meta-analysis (NMA) in the development and approval of new health technologies. NMA is an extension of standard meta-analysis where indirect as well as direct information is combined and can be seen as similar to the analysis of incomplete-block designs. We illustrate it with an example involving three treatments, using fixed-effects and random-effects models, and using frequentist and Bayesian approaches. As most statisticians in the pharmaceutical industry are familiar with SAS? software for analyzing clinical trials, we provide example code for each of the methods we illustrate. One issue that has been overlooked in the literature is the choice of constraints applied to random effects, and we show how this affects the estimates and standard errors and propose a symmetric set of constraints that is equivalent to most current practice. Finally, we discuss the role of statisticians in planning and carrying out NMAs and the strategy for dealing with important issues such as heterogeneity.     

Breaking the glass ceiling

The glass ceiling is a form of organizational bias and discrimination that prevents qualified professionals from achieving positions of top governance and leadership. This article examines glass ceiling barriers that keep physicians from the upper reaches of management. While these factors apply mainly to women and minority physicians in academia, and are attributable to sexual harassment and discrimination, physicians as a class are frequently denied executive management positions. Such denial results from inadequate preparation for a career in health care administration. Important issues in the professional development of physician executives include mentoring, training and education, administrative experience, and cultural and personality factors. All of those must be considered when making the transition from medicine to management.     

Estimating the prevalence of sensitive behaviour and cheating with a dual design for direct questioning and randomized response

Randomized response is a misclassification design to estimate the prevalence of sensitive behaviour. Respondents who do not follow the instructions of the design are considered to be cheating. A mixture model is proposed to estimate the prevalence of sensitive behaviour and cheating in the case of a dual sampling scheme with direct questioning and randomized response. The mixing weight is the probability of cheating, where cheating is modelled separately for direct questioning and randomized response. For Bayesian inference, Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling is applied to sample parameter values from the posterior. The model makes it possible to analyse dual sample scheme data in a unified way and to assess cheating for direct questions as well as for randomized response questions. The research is illustrated with randomized response data concerning violations of regulations for social benefit.     

Knowledge Brokering: The missing link in the evidence to action chain?

Transferring health care research into policy and practice is a messy and complex process which both policymakers and researchers can struggle with. A potential solution is to use individuals or organisations as knowledge brokers. Using a range of literature, this paper explains the theory behind knowledge brokering, identifies three models of brokering and explores the challenges of brokering. We suggest that clarifying these factors is a significant step towards planning well designed and rigorously evaluated brokering interventions. We also suggest that a clearly defined theoretical framework could help us to find out more about how brokering works and its effectiveness.     

奴隶和努力——从好员工做起

金融海啸，不少人一夜之间失去很多资产财寓，于是奥斯卡获奖片《贫民窟的百万富翁》备受追捧。与此同时，一位“中国版贫民富翁”林A，也成为最近网络关注的人物。我们几经周折了解到，林A是一位企业家，其创业和成功经历颇具传奇色彩。林A先生以自己真实的成长心路为主线，结合“发掘自己”如何去改变人生的课程理念，写就了一本独创的“体验式”心灵成长励志书籍。这本书运用看故事、悟道理和曩动体验结合的方式，让读者一起参与互动，从而感悟人生、改变命运。经作者同意，本刊将摘选其中的精彩内容，以飨读者。