The impact of parental death on school outcomes: Longitudinal evidence from South Africa

We analyze longitudinal data from a demographic surveillance area (DSA) in KwaZulu-Natal to examine the impact of parental death on children's outcomes. The results show significant differences in the impact of mothers' and fathers' deaths. The loss of a child's mother is a strong predictor of poor schooling outcomes. Maternal orphans are significantly less likely to be enrolled in school and have completed significantly fewer years of schooling, conditional on age, than children whose mothers are alive. Less money is spent on maternal orphans' educations, on average, conditional on enrollment. Moreover, children whose mothers have died appear to be at an educational disadvantage when compared with non-orphaned children with whom they live. We use the timing of mothers' deaths relative to children's educational shortfalls to argue that mothers' deaths have a causal effect on children's educations. The loss of a child's father is a significant correlate of poor household socioeconomic status. However, the death of a father between waves of the survey has no significant effect on subsequent asset ownership. Evidence from the South African 2001 Census suggests that the estimated effects of maternal deaths on children's outcomes in the Africa Centre DSA reflect the reality for orphans throughout South Africa.     

社会主义政治体制的迫切问题

当前,整个社会主义世界特别坚持提出并讨论社会主义政治体制问题。这个讨论不管采取什么样的形式,其主旨是:社会主义国家中现存的政治体制没有充分体现真正的人民政权,没有在应有的程度上确保自己国家的公民的权利和自由,革命的改革所带来的民主改造的不可逆转性没有得到充分的保障。因此为了保证真正的社会主义民主,现今的政治体制应该从根本上加以改造。     

马克思在“兵营式社会主义”问题上有过错吗?

我们舆论界愈是坚持不懈地研究过去的事件,愈是不断地分析我国发生的不正常现象,便愈是会经常产生这样一个问题:这一切怎么会发生的?畸形社会主义在我国竟然成为现实,这是谁的过错?     

On the experience of projecting the family composition of the population of the USSR

The joint efforts in the USSR by the Central Planning Commission and the State Statistical Commission to develop projections of family characteristics of the Soviet population are described. The projections, based on official data for the rural and urban populations in 1987, are for the years 1991, 1996, 2001, and 2006.     

掠夺俄罗斯

去年秋天,圣彼得堡的俄罗斯海关官员注意到,一车皮准备装船外运的水龙头有点特别:这些水龙头没有一个有出水口。在进一步检查时,海关官员发现,这些水龙头是用纯镍制造的,纯镍被浇铸成五金制品,为的是将这种贵重金属免税走私出国。     

马克思主义和关于人道主义的讨论

马克思主义自称是一种人道主义。然而,从一开始它就不同于任何种类的哲学人类学,哲学人类学把人的统一性或所有人的统一性置于社会差别之上。因而,马克思主义者认为,人道主义在历史舞台前台的每一次出现——作为一种理论、一种思潮或一种意识形态,都与既存社会的危机相关。例如,基督教人道主义出现在奴隶制度正在崩溃的时期,资产阶级人道主义出现于封建主义发生危机之际;同样,资本主义社会矛盾的发展以及人们对其历史暂时性的认识促成了马克思主义的即无产阶级的人道主义。     

“大陆”哲学中的人道主义

在过去的大约十五年里,主要在法国,“大陆”哲学经历了显著的变化,这一变化直接影响了人道主义的概念。人道主义概念已成为众矢之的,攻击来自四面八方,但都冠之以理论反人道主义。任何渊源于笛卡尔的“我思”或康德的“先验哲学”的关于主体的哲学,都被贴上了“人道主义”的标签。     

社会主义是克服异化的力量

劳动异化是由于分工的某一种形式而产生的。它与社会分化为敌对的阶级有关,与剥削和私有制的社会现状有关。换言之,劳动异化的根源是私有制。资本主义国家科学技术的发展和劳动生产率的高水平,并不能保障社会自由。社会自由从可能性变为现实性的最重要条件,是消除劳动异化,首先是废除私有制。社会主义废除了私有制,因而消除了劳动异化的根源,而劳动异化是一切异化之源。但是社会主义社会并不能达到最大限度的自由。解放的过程是渐进的,经济领域中的解放过程不仅取决于社会主义公有制的确立和发展,而且取决于建设一个无阶级社会的方法和速度。要彻底克服异化及其影响,必须消除妨碍劳动向自由的自主活动转化的一切因素。这除了与经济关系有关以外,还与一些纯技术的现象有关。经济变化的发生,要比共产主义思想的确立来得快,共产主义思想的发展则比社会心理的变化来得快。个人的心理改造最慢。因此,改造人的意识使之臻于完善,是一个长期的过程。     

庆祝任中敏教授执教六十周年和《敦煌歌辞总编》出版 暨省第二次哲学社会科学优秀成果奖我院获奖八项

三月二十二日下年,我院召开会议庆祝任中敏教授执教六十周年和《敦煌歌辞总编》出版,并向省第二次哲学社会科学优秀成果奖本院获奖者致贺、发奖。秦景明副院长主持了会议。胡友仪副院长代表学校向任老和其他获奖者表示热烈祝贺。他说,任中敏教授执教和从事科研工作六十年来,成绩卓著,     

Precursors of Young Women's Family Formation Pathways

We used latent class analysis to create family formation pathways for women between the ages of 18 and 23. Input variables included cohabitation, marriage, parenthood, full-time employment, and attending school. Data (n = 2,290) came from Waves I and III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). The analysis revealed seven latent pathways: college-no family formation (29%), high school-no family formation (19%), cohabitation without children (15%), married mothers (14%), single mothers (10%), cohabiting mothers (8%), and inactive (6%). Three sets of variables distinguished between the groups: personal and social resources in adolescence, family socioeconomic resources and adolescent academic achievement, and conservative values and behavior in adolescence.