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101.
Janick Christian Mollet Urs von Arx Dragan Ilić 《Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft》2013,83(6):577-604
The ongoing empirical debate about whether SRI is associated, if anything, with subpar or surpassing financial performance is characterized by a somewhat indistinct focus and the infeasibility of tapping the full potential of existing models. By indistinct focus, we mean an analysis based on an aggregation of a myriad of SRI factors that potentially affect a firm’s financial performance. The inability of taking full advantage of existing models is reflected by the fact that studies with European data have not been able to comprehensively account for systematic risk tilts. This paper presents a portfolio analysis that overcomes these issues by analyzing a distinct selection of small and innovative firms. We argue that both their strategic implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility and the general growth in socially responsible investments (SRI) lend themselves to an explanation for positive abnormal returns of this portfolio. We account for the idiosyncratic investment style of SRI by introducing a comprehensive pan-European risk-adjusted portfolio analysis based on the Carhart four-factor model. A novel propensity score matching method in conjunction with the estimation of structural models completes the conventional robustness checks in the literature. 相似文献
102.
Ho-Lan Peng Andrew Aschenbrenner Kirk von Sternberg Patricia D. Mullen 《统计学通讯:理论与方法》2013,42(23):5756-5765
AbstractWe develop an analytic likelihood approach for a four-state CTMC by solving the backwards Kolmogorov differential equations, reducing this bias in transition rate estimates. A simulation study is performed to assess the performance of this new method and confirms that it achieves good coverage probabilities with low bias and standard errors. Finally, we analyzed data from Project SUCCESS to estimate the study each participant’s transitions among behavioral stage, consisting of risky drinking and possible ineffective using of contraception, which comprise the primary endpoint of risk of an alcohol-exposed pregnancy. 相似文献
103.
104.
This paper contests the major emphasis placed on the multidimensional nature of poverty measurement. Instead, it argues that
poverty pictures created by different measures and at different units of analysis tend to converge. This argument is derived
from a comparison of poverty pictures created using income and asset-based measures at the national and household level in
five South African Development Community countries. Although multidimensional measures have value in illuminating subtle differences,
the findings indicate a single dimension of poverty that runs throughout all the measures and levels of analysis. However,
despite the single poverty picture provided by different measures, the abandonment of these different measures is not supported.
Multidimensional measures provide insight into particular elements of poverty that is useful and relevant to poverty interventions. 相似文献
105.
Behavioral decision research has demonstrated that judgments and decisions of ordinary people and experts are subject to numerous biases. Decision and risk analysis were designed to improve judgments and decisions and to overcome many of these biases. However, when eliciting model components and parameters from decisionmakers or experts, analysts often face the very biases they are trying to help overcome. When these inputs are biased they can seriously reduce the quality of the model and resulting analysis. Some of these biases are due to faulty cognitive processes; some are due to motivations for preferred analysis outcomes. This article identifies the cognitive and motivational biases that are relevant for decision and risk analysis because they can distort analysis inputs and are difficult to correct. We also review and provide guidance about the existing debiasing techniques to overcome these biases. In addition, we describe some biases that are less relevant because they can be corrected by using logic or decomposing the elicitation task. We conclude the article with an agenda for future research. 相似文献
106.
107.
Annette von Alemann 《KZfSS K?lner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie》2004,56(4):784-786
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
108.
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
109.
A benchmark dose (BMD) is the dose of a chemical that corresponds to a predetermined increase in the response (the benchmark response, BMR) of a health effect. In this article, a method (the hybrid approach) for benchmark calculations from continuous dose-response information is investigated. In the formulation of the methodology, a cut-off value for an adverse health effect has to be determined. It is shown that the influence of variance on the hybrid model depends on the choice of determination of the cut-off point. If the cut-off value is determined as corresponding to a specified tail proportion of the control distribution, P(0), the BMD becomes biased upward when the variance is biased upward. On the contrary, if the cut-off value is directly determined to some level of the continuous response variable, the BMD becomes biased upward when the variance is biased downward. A simulation study was also performed in which the accuracy and precision of the BMD was compared for the two ways of determining the cut-off value. In general, considering BMRs of 1, 5, and 10% (additional risk) the precision of the BMD became higher when the cut-off value was estimated by specifying P(0), relative to the case with a direct determination. Use of the square-root of the maximum-likelihood estimator of the variance in BMD estimation may provide a bias that is reflected by the cut-off formulation (downward bias if specifying P(0), and upward bias if specifying the cut-off, c, directly). This feature may be reduced if an unbiased estimator of the standard deviation is used in the calculations. 相似文献
110.