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91.
Despite the prevalence of government funding to support employment opportunities for persons with disabilities, real jobs for this population still appear to be elusive. McMaster University researchers examined how six stakeholder groups defined workplace (re)entry success for persons with disabilities. Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with representation from employers, unions, persons with disabilities, co-workers, supervisors and human resource departments. Participants numbered 86 and the average age was 42. Participant comments provided the researchers with rich data related to the study objectives. Success was perceived as not only a match between the employee and the job but also a win-win for employer and employer, a uniquely defined set of circumstances based on the specific individual and their environment as well as respect for the individual's dignity and quality of life. This article discusses the study and its outcomes and highlights implications for clinicians. 相似文献
92.
In planning and implementing programs to treat substance abuse, it is important to understand which factors influence post-treatment abstinence.This article identifies and analyzes several variables important in predicting the likelihood of abstinence among substance abuse clients. The data used in this study was collected from 1,350 clients treated for alcohol or drug abuse in residential, halfway house, or outpatient facilities in Tennessee. We analyzed 22 variables as possible treatment outcome predictors by using two statistical procedures: stepwise logistic regression analysis and Quick, Unbiased, Efficient, Statistical Tree (QUEST) analysis, a tree-structured classification algorithm analysis. We found one pretreatment, five in-treatment, and three post-treatment variables to be significant predictors of treatment outcome: previous treatment history, perceived helpfulness of the treatment, simultaneous treatment for mental health, number of days in treatment,completion of treatment, special skills training during treatment, obtaining healthcare services for major physical health problem after treatment, living with someone using alcohol or drugs post treatment, and arrest record since treatment. 相似文献
93.
The Demand-Control Questionnaire (DCQ), a 20-item scale that measures psychological work demands, job control and workplace social support, has frequently been used to assess occupational stress. The purpose of this study was to determine the test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the DCQ with sewing machine operators. Forty-six sewing machine operators completed the DCQ on two occasions with an 11-week time interval. A repeated measures analysis of variance model and subsequent application of generalizability theory were used to calculate the test-retest reliability of the subjects' ratings on the DCQ. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the internal consistency of the scale. The test-retest reliability was 0.33 (95% confidence interval = 0.05-0.61), indicating fair reliability. Good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.70) was found. The DCQ appears to be a reliable measure for assessing occupational stress in sewing machine operators. Workplaces need to place greater emphasis on the role of occupational stress in the prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal injuries among sewing machine operators. 相似文献
94.
Neighborhood disadvantage, stress, and drug use among adults 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Boardman JD Finch BK Ellison CG Williams DR Jackson JS 《Journal of health and social behavior》2001,42(2):151-165
This paper explores the relationships among neighborhood disadvantage, stress, and the likelihood of drug use in a sample of adults (N = 1,101). Using the 1995 Detroit Area Study in conjunction with tract-level data from the 1990 census, we find a positive relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and drug use, and this relationship remains statistically significant net of controls for individual-level socioeconomic status. Neighborhood disadvantage is moderately associated with drug related behaviors, indirectly through increased social stressors and higher levels of psychological distress among residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods. A residual effect of neighborhood disadvantage remains, net of a large number of socially relevant controls. Finally, results from interactive models suggest that the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and drug use is most pronounced among individuals with lower incomes. 相似文献
95.
Knowledge, Consequences, and Experience: The Social Construction of Environmental Problems 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Jerry Williams 《Sociological inquiry》1998,68(4):476-497
Perhaps one of the most obvious yet difficult questions confronting sociologists concerned with large-scale environmental problems is an epistemological one: How do we know what we know about the state of the environment? This paper explores the realist and constructionist approaches to environmental-social problems and finds both inadequate as currently formulated. A case is made for a phenomenological constructionism that moves beyond relativism and simple definitional constructionism by exploring how we actually experience the world. This approach recognizes the existence of a natural world independent of our constructions, yet suggests that our knowledge of it is always mediated, indirect, and pragmatically motivated. 相似文献
96.
Antony Williams 《The Australian journal of social issues》1976,11(4):295-305
Human relations training in many forms, the best known of which are encounter groups, enjoys wide popularity in industry, government and education. Some ‘professional’ objections to the running of such groups are raised, and it is proposed that these objections may be partially answered if there is a non-profit-making national association of group leaders whose function would be to provide a code of ethics to members and information to the public. As well as these professional objections involving the areas of leadership, screening and casualties, there are also objections to the 'process' of groups itself; to these latter objections arising out of an individual's sensibility and subjective interpretations of events, no compelling reply can be given. Affirmation of the interactions in encounter groups is likewise a subjective matter. 相似文献
97.
Trish Williams Jennifer Connolly Robert Cribbie 《Journal of research on adolescence》2008,18(1):145-172
The objectives of this research were to explore patterns of heterosexual activity in early adolescence and to examine the differential pathways to light and heavy heterosexuality. We utilized the National Longitudinal Survey of Canadian Children and Youth (NLSCY) in which heterosexual behaviors, as well as puberty, parenting processes, peer self‐concept, and problem behaviors were examined. The heterosexual activities of the majority of 12‐ and 13‐year‐old adolescents were largely confined to light activities of hugging, holding hands, and kissing. Heavy activities such as petting and sexual intercourse were reported less often. Using predictor variables from Cycle 1 of the NLSCY when participants were 10‐ and 11‐year‐olds, SEM analyses indicated that puberty and higher peer self‐concept shared significant direct pathways to both light and heavy heterosexuality. Heavy sexual activity, however, was uniquely associated with the risk factors of adolescent problem behaviors. Positive and hostile parenting styles were indirectly associated with light sexual activity through peer self‐concept. Positive and hostile parenting styles were also indirectly associated with heavy sexual activity through both peer‐oriented self‐concept and problem behaviors. Results support differential patterns and predictors of light and heavy sexuality in early adolescence. 相似文献
98.
Karl Besel Charlotte Lewellen Williams Joanna Klak 《Nonprofit management & leadership》2011,22(1):53-65
Nonprofit organizations in the United States depend on a diverse set of funding streams to sustain their operations. This study examines the ability of nonprofits to leverage funds from the private sector during the current economic downturn within four areas receiving federal funding for community and economic development. Both survey research and individual interviews were used to examine how nonprofits within these areas are incorporating their board members and community leaders to continue services during a time of resource scarcity. 相似文献
99.
Sandeep Mishra Martin L. Lalumière Michael Morgan Robert J. Williams 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2011,27(3):409-426
Problem gambling is significantly more prevalent in forensic populations than in the general population. Although some previous
work suggests that gambling and antisocial behavior are related, the extent and nature of this relationship is unclear. Both
gambling and antisocial behavior are forms of risk-taking, and may therefore share common determinants. We investigated whether
individual differences in personality traits associated with risk-taking, the Big Five personality traits, and antisocial
tendencies predicted gambling and antisocial behavior among 180 male students recruited for a study of gambling (35.0% non-problem
gamblers, 36.7% low-risk gamblers, 21.7% problem gamblers, and 6.7% pathological gamblers). All forms of gambling and antisocial
behavior were significantly correlated. Personality traits associated with risk-acceptance explained a significant portion
of the variance in problem gambling, general gambling involvement, and all forms of antisocial behavior. Antisocial tendencies
(aggression and psychopathic tendencies) explained a significant portion of additional variance in severe antisocial behavior
but not moderate or minor antisocial behavior. When controlling for personality traits associated with risk-acceptance, the
relationship between gambling and antisocial behavior was greatly diminished. The results are consistent with the hypothesis
that gambling and antisocial behavior are associated because they are, in part, different manifestations of similar personality
traits. 相似文献
100.
Recent criticisms have led some to dismiss time-series analyses in the debate over the minimum wage. We investigate previous
time-series studies showing that raising the minimum wage has a smaller impact on females than males. We reanalyze the data
in light of recent developments in time-series methods and find that the minimum wage has a similar significant negative impact
on both males and females. We conclude that, following a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage, both male and female employment
drops from between 2 and 4 percent over a two-year period. This employment decrease slowly erodes as economic growth and inflation
cause the minimum wage to fall below the market-clearing wage.
We thank David Card and Alan Krueger for generously providing the data. 相似文献