What Does Parental Divorce or Marital Separation Mean for Adolescents? A Scoping Review of North American Literature

Parental divorce in North America and the resulting changes to the traditional family unit as seen in current academic literature are troubling. These changes are especially worrisome as they relate to adolescent life and development. This scoping review examines the past 11 years of North American English language literature concerning adolescents who have experienced parental divorce. Literature was taken from health-related databases using the search terms adolescent and divorce. The resulting articles were analyzed and pared down to 53 papers that adhered to predetermined criteria. Analysis revealed trends in how the studies are conducted as well as seven themes throughout the literature. The authors suggest future research directions based on the trends, themes, and found knowledge gaps in the recent literature.     

Attitudes About Remarriage in Malta

This study investigated the attitudes about remarriage of married and previously married Maltese people. Respondents were selected using stratified random sampling; 810 men and 1,196 women answered a questionnaire by means of computer-assisted telephone interviewing. The majority (67.4%) of respondents did not consider remarriage. Remarriage was more likely to be considered by respondents who were younger, previously married, nonparents, had children who were not all born within marriage, and were of higher socioeconomic status. The study highlights the differences in attitude according to gender and marital status. The fact that pro-remarriage attitudes were endorsed by 32.6% of respondents and that these were more likely to come from nontraditional family forms suggests that family life in Malta is no longer dictated by normative social imperatives. The need for the legal protection of families headed by cohabiting partners is highlighted.     

Practical Ways Psychotherapy Can Support Physical Healthcare Experiences for Male Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse

This pilot study was conducted to examine older child molestation victims' self-report of their long-term psychological adjustment at least 12 months after the date of their initial clinic evaluation. Female participants were assesed using the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale, Children's Depression Inventory, and the Hopelessness Scale which were also administered during their first evaluation. T-ratios revealed that scores on all measures, including five of the six Piers-Harris subscales showed significant improvement. The high rate of noncompliance associated with this population is also discussed in terms of removal from the home, type of abuse, and age of the perpetrator.     

Exploring psychological need satisfaction from gambling participation and the moderating influence of game preferences

ABSTRACT

Psychological needs are satisfied through leisure participation, which in turn influences subjective well-being. The present study explored the psychological needs reported to be satisfied through gambling participation and examined associations between need satisfaction, game preferences and subjective well-being. A heterogeneous, self-selected sample of 1446 participants was recruited, through the Internet gambling provider Kindred Group Plc, for an online questionnaire survey. Five psychological need dimensions of gambling were identified, using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses on calibration and validation samples, respectively: mastery, detachment, self-affirmation, risk and excitement, and affiliation. Challenge and mastery need satisfaction was higher for poker than for sports betting, horse racing, slots or casino table games; both self-affirmation and affiliation were also higher for poker than for sports betting and slots. By comparison, detachment was higher for slots than for sports gambling. While there were no significant variations in stress levels between the different forms of gambling, happiness ratings were lower for slots compared with sports betting and poker. This study provides insight into how distinctive patterns of play may satisfy different psychological needs and provides preliminary insights into how gambling patterns may prove adaptive or maladaptive as leisure choices.     

INGO Accountability Deficits: The Imperatives for Further Reform

Numerous attempts have been made to remedy the accountability deficits of international non-governmental organisations (INGOs). The ‘first wave’ of accountability reforms was largely driven by powerful stakeholders such as donors and governments. An accountability culture subsequently emerged that reflected the preferences of these agents, rather than the responsibility of the INGO to abide by its mission. The ‘second wave’ of reforms acknowledged that INGOs incur a broad range of accountability responsibilities to beneficiaries, members, staff, and peer organisations. These measures have not been sufficient to promote reflective practice driven by discourse with those closest to the mission. It is argued that there is a need for a ‘third wave’ of accountability reforms, which reinforces the responsibilities of INGOs towards the communities that they purport to serve. INGOs should embrace a critically reflective accountability culture that addresses ways in which communication with their so-called ‘beneficiaries’ is distorted by unequal power relations.

Se han hecho numerosos intentos para remediar los déficits en la rendición de cuentas de las organizaciones no gubernamentales internacionales (INGOs, por sus siglas en inglés). La ‘primera ola’ de reformas a la rendición de cuentas se habían manejado por protagonistas poderosos tales como donantes y gobiernos. Una cultura de rendición de cuentas surgió subsecuentemente, que reflejaba las preferencias de estos agentes, en vez de la responsabilidad de la INGO de atenerse a su misión. La ‘segunda ola’ de reformas reconoce que los INGOs incurren en un rango amplio de responsabilidades de rendición de cuentas a los beneficiarios, miembros, personal y organizaciones paralelas. Estas medidas no han sido suficientes para promover una práctica reflexiva impulsada por discusiones con aquellos más cercanos a la misión. Se sostiene que hay una necesidad por una ‘tercera ola’ de reformas de rendición de cuentas, que refuerza las responsabilidades de los INGOs hacia las comunidades a las que pretenden servir. Los INGOs deberían abarcar una cultura de rendición de cuentas críticamente reflexiva que trata maneras en las que la comunicación con sus así llamados ‘beneficiarios’ está distorsionada por las relaciones de poderes desiguales.

人们进行了多种努力以图弥补国际非政府组织（INGOs）的责任赤字。责任改革的“第一次浪潮”主要由权力很大的诸如捐助者和政府等各种利害攸关方所驱动。随之兴起的责任文化反映了这些机构的偏好,却不是国际非政府组织遵命的责任。改革的“第二次浪潮”承认,对受益人、成员、工作人员和同行组织,INGOs 招致广泛的责任。这些措施尚不足以促进那些由最接近使命的话语所驱动的反思实践。有人主张“第三次浪潮”责任改革的必要性,此种改革可以加强INGOs针对他们声称服务的各种社区的责任。INGOs 应该乐意接受批评性反思的责任文化。这种文化致力于各种方式与方法。而在这些方式方法中,与所谓的“受益者”进行的沟通因不平等的权力关系而扭曲。

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Были предприняты многочисленные попытки исправить дефицит ответственности международных неправительственных организаций (МНПО). “Первую волну” реформ ответственности в основном вели влиятельные заинтересованные лица, такие как дарители и правительства. Культура ответственности впоследствии появилась, отражая предпочтения этих агентов, а не обязанность МНПО соблюдать свою миссию. “Вторая волна” реформ показала, что МНПО несет широкий диапазон обязанностей и ответственности перед бенефициариями, персоналом и аналогичными организациями. Эти меры не были достаточны, чтобы продвинуть рефлексивную практику, которая обусловлена дискурсом с самыми близкими к миссии. Утверждается, что есть потребность в “третьей волне” реформ ответственности, которая укрепит обязанности МНПО перед сообществами, которым они призваны служить. МНПО должны критически охватить рефлексивную культуру ответственности, которая обращается к способам, где коммуникация с так называемыми “бенефициантами” искажена неравным соотношением сил.     

Managing the science in the presence of financial conflict of interest

ABSTRACT

We consider the question of why (primarily) and how (secondarily) to perform scientific oversight of research performed by investigators with a financial conflict of interest (COI). One way to frame the trade-off of having investigators with financial COI participate in research is through a decision rule: “Our institution is willing for financially conflicted investigators to participate in research around their intellectual property if (a) the science is likely to be significantly better with their participation (or if other significant benefits accrue); and (b) the COI can be adequately managed”.

A key component of COI management is the demonstration that the underlying science is sufficiently rigorous and transparent, and in turn, a scientific oversight plan is a key element of that demonstration. Scientific oversight plans should be proactively generated, by individuals (i.e., scientific reviewers) who are independent and expert, and they should assess the rigor and transparency of the research, in a fashion which is fair and efficient.

Abbreviations: COI: conflict of interest; SOP: scientific oversight plan     

Family conflict and future concerns: Opportunities for social workers to better support Chinese immigrant caregiver employees

ABSTRACT

This paper explores the experiences of Chinese immigrant caregiver employees (CEs) residing in Southern Ontario, Canada. Qualitative analysis of participant interviews with thirteen Mandarin Chinese immigrant CEs revealed family conflicts due to cultural differences and an intergenerational gap between CEs and their care recipients. CEs also had future concerns in regards to their own health and the lack of long-term care facilities that offer cultural services for immigrant seniors. These findings provide an opportunity for social workers to collaborate with other service providers to provide ethno-specific and culturally sensitive health, community. and employment services to immigrant ethnic minority CEs.     

Estimating the variance for heterogeneity in arm‐based network meta‐analysis

Network meta‐analysis can be implemented by using arm‐based or contrast‐based models. Here we focus on arm‐based models and fit them using generalized linear mixed model procedures. Full maximum likelihood (ML) estimation leads to biased trial‐by‐treatment interaction variance estimates for heterogeneity. Thus, our objective is to investigate alternative approaches to variance estimation that reduce bias compared with full ML. Specifically, we use penalized quasi‐likelihood/pseudo‐likelihood and hierarchical (h) likelihood approaches. In addition, we consider a novel model modification that yields estimators akin to the residual maximum likelihood estimator for linear mixed models. The proposed methods are compared by simulation, and 2 real datasets are used for illustration. Simulations show that penalized quasi‐likelihood/pseudo‐likelihood and h‐likelihood reduce bias and yield satisfactory coverage rates. Sum‐to‐zero restriction and baseline contrasts for random trial‐by‐treatment interaction effects, as well as a residual ML‐like adjustment, also reduce bias compared with an unconstrained model when ML is used, but coverage rates are not quite as good. Penalized quasi‐likelihood/pseudo‐likelihood and h‐likelihood are therefore recommended.     

Female adolescent smoking: a Delphi study on best prevention practices

The present researchers used a multi-wave Delphi methodology to determine what 14 knowledgeable substance abuse professionals believe are the most appropriate smoking prevention practices for female adolescents. While there was some agreement with the emerging literature, particularly on weight control issues and parental involvement, there was also endorsement of items that appear to be equally salient for both males and females. While the panelists generally acknowledged differential risk factors for females, and the need for prevention programming around these risk factors, more research on gender specific programming is needed before prevention experts are ready to agree on clear and specific practices for adolescent females.