英国的政治文化社会学

“理想型”的西方民主是否理想?“欧洲病夫”在70年代,国家发展的渐进性出现了变化。《英国是大国还是小国?》、《国家在自杀吗?》、《英国能否支撑下去?》、《无法运转的未来》、《英国是否正在灭亡?》,这些著作和文章的标题,说明了正在发生的事情。衰落时期的民族主义,其性     

哲学-教育人类学:问题和趋势

在各种人类学理论中,哲学-教育人类学占有特殊地位.这个流派无论是在西欧(奥地利、荷兰、联邦德国和瑞士)还是在其他国家(日本),都得到了极大的发展,它以特有的方式反映出当代资产阶级哲学对人的问题的解释.哲学-教育人类学在研究现有的"人类学"级次问题时,提出了研究作为间接地表现从"地域性"理论过渡到关于人的一般学说的环节这一任务.下面的情况十分重要:其他人类学的变体,例如历史人类学、政治人类学、文学人类学等等,都     

评《未来学的惨败》——对非马克思主义社会发展理论的批判概要

莫斯科政治书籍出版社1979年出版了苏联T.X.沙赫纳查罗夫的《未来学的惨败》(对非马克思主义社会发展理论的批判概要)一书,全书共352页.苏联《共产党人》杂志1980年第10期刊载了图玛诺夫的书评,题为《非马克思主义的未来学观点是没有前途的》.书评说,书的副标题比书名更确切地反映了书的内容.现在社会发展理论原则上不能不     

科学知识数学化的哲学问题

一科学知识数学化举例所谓科学知识数学化就是数学思维的方法越来越广泛地成为一般科学的思维方法。在科学技术革命的条件下,数学在科学技术思想发展中的作用决不止于数学是科学上记录、加工和掌握实验事实的语言,是科学思想的速记术,是从基本科学原理演绎出结论的工具。二十世纪的数学是实验设计的最有效手段,是各种工艺过程的管理、调整和控制实现算法化的有     

自动化的新阶段

该文论述的问题如下:1.从刚性自动化转向柔性自动化;2.设计自动化;3.整体系统;4.社会经济后果;5.前景。据某些预测专家的意见,到1990年美国运用自动化的速度将高于日本和联邦德国,这使美国能够保住自己在劳动生产率领域的领先地位。采用自动化设计系统,这是试图探索一条工业生产自动化的崭新途径。美国的电子工业早在五十年代末就首先运用了这种系统,更广泛地使用这种系统则开始于六十—七十年代。自动化设计系统有     

The development of the physicians' end-of-life care attitude scale

The Physicians' End-of-Life Care Attitude Scale (PEAS) was developed as an outcome measure for palliative care education. PEAS assesses the willingness of medical trainees to care for dying patients. Sixty-four Likert-type questions were created on the basis of discussions with focus groups of medical trainees, then administered to sixty-two medical students and residents. Total PEAS scores as well as personal preparation and professional role subscales (where higher scores indicated greater concern) possessed excellent internal consistency and reliability. In addition, there were substantial correlations between PEAS scores and the CA-Dying scale, a measurement of laypersons' fears about interacting with dying persons. Thus, PEAS adequately assesses the unique communication concerns of physicians in training regarding working with dying persons and their families. Correlations between PEAS scores and age were negative, while those who had experienced the death of a loved one had higher PEAS scores than those who did not. This suggests that for some persons, life experiences may lessen difficulties in dealing with dying persons, while for others, personal losses may exacerbate such concerns. The utility of PEAS in evaluating the efficacy of palliative care education as well as its potential to measure medical trainee's willingness to care for the terminally ill is discussed.     

Health care futures. Part 2: The future of physician executives? Panel discussion

What is the future of health care in America? This is Part 2 of The Physician Executive panel discussion that explores the future of health care in America. To narrow this ambitious focus somewhat, the future is defined as five to 10 years hence. In Part 1, which was published in the May/June issue, Russell C. Coile, Jr., Barbara LeTourneau, MD, MBA, FACPE, James Reinertsen, MD, Uwe Reinhardt, PhD, Marshall Ruffin, MD, MPH, MBA, FACPE, and David Vogel, MS, shared their opinions about what the future holds in managed care, information technology, and biotechnology. In Part 2, Susan Cejka, Barbara LeTourneau, MD, MBA, FACPE, John Henry Pfifferling, PhD, Uwe Reinhardt, PhD, and James Todd, MD, share their views on the future of medical education and physician executives.     

Two-stage hierarchical modeling for analysis of subpopulations in conditional distributions

In this work, we develop modeling and estimation approach for the analysis of cross-sectional clustered data with multimodal conditional distributions where the main interest is in analysis of subpopulations. It is proposed to model such data in a hierarchical model with conditional distributions viewed as finite mixtures of normal components. With a large number of observations in the lowest level clusters, a two-stage estimation approach is used. In the first stage, the normal mixture parameters in each lowest level cluster are estimated using robust methods. Robust alternatives to the maximum likelihood estimation are used to provide stable results even for data with conditional distributions such that their components may not quite meet normality assumptions. Then the lowest level cluster-specific means and standard deviations are modeled in a mixed effects model in the second stage. A small simulation study was conducted to compare performance of finite normal mixture population parameter estimates based on robust and maximum likelihood estimation in stage 1. The proposed modeling approach is illustrated through the analysis of mice tendon fibril diameters data. Analyses results address genotype differences between corresponding components in the mixtures and demonstrate advantages of robust estimation in stage 1.