新“冷战”:论据与事实——美国准备打击俄罗斯吗?

这份材料在编辑部出现的本身就是一个绕有兴味的故事。今年年初,名不见经传的克拉西尔尼科夫的这篇文章在因特网上就进行过热烈的讨论。最早,文章的全文发表在极右组织“白色世界”的网站上,并允许其他网站摘用。使人感到惊讶的不仅仅是作者的一个基本论题:“美国必定会在2010年进攻俄罗斯”,更主要的还是对我方“核盾”的实事求是有理有据的分析以及那些内部数字。这就造成了一种感觉:这样大肆向因特网分发消息,用科学术语说就是“抛出情报”,绝非偶然之举。我们也尝试同克拉西尔尼科夫进行过接触。他不反对进行任何的编辑删节,并同意减少一些战斗的激情。可有趣的是,当我们试图了解作者从事何种工作,多大年龄以及这些信息从何处获得时,所有的接触都突然中断。克拉西尔尼科夫再也没有出面联系过。我们不知道这是不是某种巧合,因为自伊拉克的军事行动开始以后,就像接到某种命令一样,因特网上对他那篇曾经轰动一时的文章的转发和讨论的数量急剧减少。而另一方面,那些被邀参加各种电视频道“直播”的军事专家、退役将军乃至国防部的官方专家们都在日复一日地重复看那些同样的推论(至少在图示公式上与克拉西尔尼科夫的数据极为相似)。然而,克拉西尔尼科夫本人的文章与那些近日来在电视和报刊上发表议论的人     

城市可持续发展中的文化指标

本文为第三届“文化与城市可持续发展”国际会议的主题发言。本文介绍了会议背景 ,论述了文化及其与可持续发展的关系 ,都市化进程及其发展方向等问题 ,并着重阐述了本次会议的主题即“城市可持续发展中的文化指标” ,确立了本次会议的总体基调和基本政策     

LET''''S MAKE ENGLISH MORE EXCITING

"Teacher, what are we going to do next class?" This is an exciting question which I often hear from my students. As an English conversation teacher, I can make the learning of English either a dull and boring duty, or an exciting adventure. It is very important that I make my students hate missing my class, and keep them guessing just what will happen the next time! Let us consider some important ways that any teacher can help his other students want to do their     

马克思《资本论》的方法与逻辑问题

列宁在其黑格尔《逻辑学》一书摘要中经常把这一本书同《资本论》加以比较。这种比较对研究《资本论》的逻辑问题,乃至对研究马克思列宁主义的逻辑学,都具有重大意义。将《精神现象学》同《资本论》加以比较,也是这样。 在《资本论》中,也和在《精神现象学》中一样,从具体上升到抽象和从抽象上升到具体这两种上升方法,不是彼此对立的,而是一个统一的认识方法。     

交通模型网络分配技术

拥挤的城市道路网络的建模工作一直是世界各国研究的课题．各种方法的准确程度也不相同,一个基本的方面就是在追求战略规划目的的同时取得成效,和在准确地表示地域范围内交通运转情况需要之间寻求一种平衡．在许多城市中,需要能够同时评价这两者的灵活的模型．OveArup＆Partners最近已经开发并成功地运用了一个EMME／2模型对奥克兰市、新西兰市做了交通项目估计,同时具体表达了交汇处的延误．这部分的前期工作是由ROHill所承担的,此模型的研究和开发强调了模型中出现的许多重要问题．本文讨论了与拥挤分配模型开发有关的问题,阐述了建立城市范围内的模型的方法．内容包括：a．分配方法;b．稳定性和收敛性;c．城市范围模型的具体水平;d．联系和转弯惩罚函数;e．在没有信号灯的交叉口的延误函数．     

Bruises on the soul: older women,domestic violence and elder abuse

This article presents an overview on the status of current knowledge concerning elder abuse and neglect, and to move to a consideration of factors from the field of domestic violence. For many years, attempts to understand the phenomenon of elder abuse remained a problem because of its complexity. This paper, however, discusses abuse and neglect at three levels--macro, mezzo, and micro: macro abuse refers to issues at a societal level; mezzo abuse refers to behaviors, attitudes, and policies inflicted on older people at the community level; micro abuse refers to issues in the domestic setting. All definitions of elderly abuse generally include physical, psychological and financial abuses and neglect. Added to these categories of abuse are sexual and social abuses. Attempts were also made to understand the dynamics of elderly abuse. Majority of the cases of abuse among elderly people happens among the females and is mostly inflicted by their spouses. Deteriorating health, thwarted hopes, expectations and plans; a diminution in capacities to function and manage; an increase in vulnerability and dependence all contribute to the development or continuation of abusive situations within intimate relationships in old age. Although gender played a major role in elderly abuse, attempts to consider it in relation to this issue remained limited. Based on the discussions presented, it was made clear that elderly abuse is comparable to domestic violence, although it is different from other forms of family violence.     

Campaigning against female genital mutilation in Ethiopia using popular education

In Ethiopia, the Italian Association for Women in Development (AIDOS) has been working with Ethiopia's National Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children for 5 years. AIDOS began working on female genital mutilation in the early 1980s and rejects charges of cultural imperialism that are applied to Northern organizations attempting to help African organizations address this violation of universal human rights. In Ethiopia, 85% of women are mutilated, with most undergoing Sunna, or removal of the prepuce of the clitoris. The joint project seeks to increase awareness about the health consequences of female genital mutilation in the target group. The primary technique used is provision of training of trainers courses and presentation of four modular units and audiovisual materials specifically designed for use with socially influential women, male and female secondary school students, community leaders, and health workers. In addition, an information/education campaign uses videos and sound and slide shows with accompanying story books. A second category of communication tools was developed for a mass information campaign, including radio spots, posters, information leaflets, and a newsletter. When the project was ready for expansion into the southern region of the country, it became clear that a new participatory communication strategy was required to stimulate discussion, such as the use of role playing and theater. Working together, the two organizations have successfully confronted project constraints such as the difficulty in assessing project impact, scheduling problems, and gender-biased assess to information.     

AIDS in China

Although 10,676 people were officially reported to be infected with HIV on China's mainland by the end of June 1998, experts estimate that more than 300,000 Chinese are actually infected with HIV in China. They also believe HIV continues to spread in alarming fashion. Two thirds of reported HIV infection cases live in rural China, and nearly one third of the 301 people diagnosed as having AIDS have died. About 10% of all HIV infections occurred among teenagers under age 19 years old, with most infected through IV drug use. 60% of teens who responded to a survey in 1997 did not possess correct basic knowledge about AIDS, and 21% did not know how to protect themselves from contracting HIV.     

社会主义经济体系的矛盾是该体系发展的源泉

苏联哲学家和经济学家对社会主义制度下矛盾问题的讨论大致可分为三个阶段:第一阶段(30-40年代)的特点是,否认社会主义制度下的对立及其斗争.在第二阶段(40年代末-50年代初),则承认在社会主义生产中有可能出现矛盾,但这个阶段还没有把矛盾看作是经常的和新社会制度本身所固有的.到了第三阶段,承认社会主义制度上矛盾是不可避免性的,但在这一问题上还有一些不正确的提法.例如,认为社会主义社会的生产力和生产关系是完全适应的,将生产方式这些方面的矛盾归     

Research evidence utilization in policy development by child welfare administrators

An exploratory qualitative study was conducted to explore how child welfare administrators use research evidence in decision-making. Content analysis revealed that a cultural shift toward evidence-based practice (EBP) is occurring in Canadian child welfare organizations and multiple types of evidence inform policy decisions. Barriers to using evidence include individual, organizational, and environmental factors. Facilitating factors include the development of internal champions and organizational cultures that value EBP. Integrating research into practice and policy decisions requires a multifaceted approach of creating organizational cultures that support research utilization and supporting senior bureaucrats to use research evidence in policy development.