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Multivariate tests comparing binomial probabilities, with application to safety studies for drugs 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Alan Agresti Bernhard Klingenberg 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C, Applied statistics》2005,54(4):691-706
Summary. In magazine advertisements for new drugs, it is common to see summary tables that compare the relative frequency of several side-effects for the drug and for a placebo, based on results from placebo-controlled clinical trials. The paper summarizes ways to conduct a global test of equality of the population proportions for the drug and the vector of population proportions for the placebo. For multivariate normal responses, the Hotelling T 2 -test is a well-known method for testing equality of a vector of means for two independent samples. The tests in the paper are analogues of this test for vectors of binary responses. The likelihood ratio tests can be computationally intensive or have poor asymptotic performance. Simple quadratic forms comparing the two vectors provide alternative tests. Much better performance results from using a score-type version with a null-estimated covariance matrix than from the sample covariance matrix that applies with an ordinary Wald test. For either type of statistic, asymptotic inference is often inadequate, so we also present alternative, exact permutation tests. Follow-up inferences are also discussed, and our methods are applied to safety data from a phase II clinical trial. 相似文献
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Modeling prior information as a fuzzy set and using Zadeh’s extension principle, a general approach is presented how to rate
linear affine estimators in linear regression. This general approach is applied to fuzzy prior information sets given by ellipsoidal
α-cuts. Here, in an important and meaningful subclass, a uniformly best linear affine estimator can be determined explicitly.
Surprisingly, such a uniformly best linear affine estimator is optimal with respect to a corresponding relative squared error
approach. Two illustrative special cases are discussed, where a generalized least squares estimator on the one hand and a
general ridge or Kuks–Olman estimator on the other hand turn out to be uniformly best. 相似文献
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Prof. Dr. Bernhard Nauck 《KZfSS K?lner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie》2001,53(3):407-435
Demographic and micro-economic approaches have not sufficiently resolved the explanation of fertility behavior and intergenerational relationships. The “value-of-children-approach” promises a possibility to solve these problems especially with regard to cross-cultural differences. The approach is re-conceptualized in the framework of the theory of social production functions as a special theory of action. Children are seen as strategic intermediate goods to fulfil basic needs of their (potential) parents: Their (1) work and income utility and their (2) insurance utility increases physical well-being, their (3) status utility and their (4) emotional utility increases social recognition. The explanatory potential of this special theory of action is systematically unfolded for six essential dimensions of the action system of the family (size, durability, context opportunities and restrictions, resources, intergenerational relationships, and gender). Finally, the implications for the modernization and social change of intergenerational relationships in societies with different kinship systems are discussed. 相似文献