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141.
Performance measurement in industrial R&D 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Currently, the need for R&D performance measurements that are both practically useful and theoretically sound seems to be generally acknowledged; indeed, the rising cost of R&D, greater emphasis on value management and a trend towards decentralization are escalating the need for ways of evaluating the contribution of R&D to corporate performance. However, although recent research and writing on the subject shows that the challenge of developing such sound measurements has been taken up by many academics and organizations, it is also clear that there is no generally applicable approach.
In this review, we consider various approaches for measuring the performance in industrial R&D and identify their key characteristics. We also include a brief summary of the 'history' of performance measurement in R&D, which shows that although there are some new ways of looking at the issue there are many examples from the past that can contribute to our current thinking.
The approaches found in the literature and practice are very varied in their application, some being more suitable for the project level, others for the R&D department, and some for the development process or for the organization as a whole. Furthermore, the uses of the approaches tend to be different. For example, some approaches are intended to justify the continuation of investment in R&D to upper management, whilst others are more suited to support learning and self-correction by empowered R&D teams. In this paper these uses, or 'functions', of performance measurement and a taxonomy of typical subjects of measurement in R&D environments are explored.
Finally, we conclude the review with a discussion of some limitations of the growing literature on R&D performance measurement. 相似文献
In this review, we consider various approaches for measuring the performance in industrial R&D and identify their key characteristics. We also include a brief summary of the 'history' of performance measurement in R&D, which shows that although there are some new ways of looking at the issue there are many examples from the past that can contribute to our current thinking.
The approaches found in the literature and practice are very varied in their application, some being more suitable for the project level, others for the R&D department, and some for the development process or for the organization as a whole. Furthermore, the uses of the approaches tend to be different. For example, some approaches are intended to justify the continuation of investment in R&D to upper management, whilst others are more suited to support learning and self-correction by empowered R&D teams. In this paper these uses, or 'functions', of performance measurement and a taxonomy of typical subjects of measurement in R&D environments are explored.
Finally, we conclude the review with a discussion of some limitations of the growing literature on R&D performance measurement. 相似文献
142.
Bill Rocque 《Disability & Society》2010,25(4):485-497
Based on the findings of a qualitative study, this article describes how mothers of children labeled with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) mediate for their children in interactions with those who are unfamiliar with ASD. Data were collected through in‐depth interviews and participant observations. Findings indicate that mothers mediate for their children because they perceive hostility and lack of accommodation for their children on the part of unfamiliars. As they mediate, mothers attempt to construct and maintain positive identities for their children by explaining and reframing their children’s behaviors to influence the interpretations and responses of unfamiliars. I argue that in these interactions mothers function as proxy selves for their children because they are attempting to influence the perceptions others develop of their children, thus shaping their children’s social identity in the process. The findings of this study demonstrate the active, interpretive role that many mothers of children with autism play as they continually sort and assess information in order to determine what is in the best interests of their children. Further, the findings presented here demonstrate the social nature of self‐hood and identity, that all people involve others in the performance of their self‐hood. In this way and others, people labeled with ASD have much in common with those considered normal. 相似文献
143.
144.
This article examines the relationship between claiming unemployment insurance benefits in Canada and the immigrant class under which immigrants were admitted (namely skilled workers, assisted relatives, family class, refugees), using a new data set that combines income tax and immigration records. Claims rates (or the proportion of immigrants who claimed unemployment insurance benefits) are calculated for each immigrant landing class for the cohorts of immigrants who landed in 1980, 1985 and 1989; for each cohort, annual claims rates are presented from the year after landing to 1995. The claims rates indicate that there are significant differences among the different immigrant landing classes: those admitted as skilled workers have relatively low claims rates, those in the family class or assisted relatives have higher rates, and refugees have the highest rates. For all immigrant landing classes, claims rates rise rapidly during the two or three years after arrival in Canada, but decline thereafter for all classes. Differences in claims rates on unemployment insurance benefits remain across the immigrant landing classes after general economic conditions and some characteristics of the immigrants are controlled. 相似文献
145.
This paper describes a permutation procedure to test for the equality of selected elements of a covariance or correlation matrix across groups. It involves either centring or standardising each variable within each group before randomly permuting observations between groups. Since the assumption of exchangeability of observations between groups does not strictly hold following such transformations, Monte Carlo simulations were used to compare expected and empirical rejection levels as a function of group size, the number of groups and distribution type (Normal, mixtures of Normals and Gamma with various values of the shape parameter). The Monte Carlo study showed that the estimated probability levels are close to those that would be obtained with an exact test except at very small sample sizes (5 or 10 observations per group). The test appears robust against non-normal data, different numbers of groups or variables per group and unequal sample sizes per group. Power was increased with increasing sample size, effect size and the number of elements in the matrix and power was decreased with increasingly unequal numbers of observations per group. 相似文献
146.
New Zealand’s fertility fell below the theoretical replacement level (2.1 births per woman) for the first time in recorded
history in 1978. It has hovered at or below replacement level ever since. The result, an impression of relative stability,
belies changes taking place. Data from the 1981, 1996 and 2006 censuses show a pattern of delayed childbearing and increased
childlessness. In a little over 30 years, childlessness has shifted from being almost entirely a consequence of a couple’s
infecundity to being as frequently a result of a woman’s life choices. The steady rises in childlessness recorded by successive
cohorts suggest that childlessness is already having a significant effect on New Zealand fertility. Patterns in characteristics
of those women choosing not to start families, as well as subtle differences in these patterns between New Zealand and other
developed nations, suggest that there is a significant potential for childlessness to cause a more dramatic shift in New Zealand’s
total fertility rate. This analysis examines growth in childlessness in relation to marital status, country of birth, ethnicity,
regional and urban differentials, religion, and educational attainment of women who were childless at the 1981, 1996 and 2006
censuses.
相似文献
Robert DidhamEmail: |
147.
Peter Krebs Bill Holden Allison Williams Maria Basualdo Cara Spence 《Social indicators research》2008,85(1):127-144
Since its inception, the Community-University Institute for Social Research (CUISR) has been involved in a participatory process
aimed at understanding the quality of life in Saskatoon. Informed by the results of Quality of Life (QoL) survey in 2001 and
by a list of QoL action priorities from a community forum, the CUISR QoL module set out to survey community work on QoL action
planning and implementation. In collaboration with a steering committee of community-based professionals, CUISR developed
a methodology for managing and analyzing QoL initiatives related to community action implementation and planning. The Community
Action Plan Information System (CAPIS) is the result of this process. CAPIS is a compendium, an analysis, and a purposive
contextualization of QoL actions and recommendations from collaborative action plan documents, focused on the Saskatoon community.
This paper provides a detailed examination of the concept and components of the Comprehensive Action Plan Information System
(CAPIS), as well as the process and outcomes of a sampling of the QoL statement analysis and mapping project. The paper concludes
by projecting how the CAPIS could evolve into a fully operational QoL strategic action plan and gap indicator, providing the
foundation for a knowledge based, informed, reporting mechanism on the state and evolution of QoL action and policy.
相似文献
Cara SpenceEmail: |
148.
Caudill BD Crosse SB Campbell B Howard J Luckey B Blane HT 《Journal of American college health : J of ACH》2006,55(3):141-155
This survey, with its 85% response rate, provides an extensive profile of drinking behaviors and predictors of drinking among 3,406 members of one national college fraternity, distributed across 98 chapters in 32 states. Multiple indexes of alcohol consumption measured frequency, quantity, estimated blood alcohol concentration levels (BACs), and related problems. Among all members, 97% were drinkers, 86% binge drinkers, and 64% frequent binge drinkers. On the basis of self-reports concerning the 4 weeks preceding the time of survey, the authors found that members drank on an average of 10.5 days and consumed an average of 81 drinks. Drinkers had an average BAC of 0.10, reaching at least 0.08 on an average of 6 days. These fraternity members appear to be heavier drinkers than previously studied fraternity samples, perhaps because they were more representative and forthright. All 6 preselected demographic attributes of members and 2 chapter characteristics were significantly related to the drinking behaviors and levels of risk, identifying possible targets for preventive interventions. 相似文献
149.
Self-reported excellent health was examined across sexual orientation among male adult couples using 18 years of data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Men in same-sex couples were more likely to report being in excellent health (28.7%) than men in unmarried and married mixed-sex couples (20.4% and 23.2%). After adjusting for other demographic and health factors, men in same-sex couples remained more likely to report excellent health than men in unmarried mixed-sex couples, but not than men in married mixed-sex couples. Reporting only adverse health disparities provides a partial picture of sexual minority health, and discounts the role of resilience and other health promoting factors in these populations. 相似文献
150.
Non-disabled responses to visible impairment embody either social invisibility or over-attentiveness. The subjective and inter-subjective experiences of impaired bodies and intersubjective encounters within society are important aspects of disablement and the construction of a disabled identity. Impairment is read by and influences the social structure of ableism. This paper attempts to understand how ableist discourses about impaired bodies have impacted on and been resisted by disabled people and how embodiment is related to identity. In pursuit of these aims, a qualitative study was conducted with seven people who have visible physical impairments. The results indicate that disabled embodiment is produced and experienced within an ableist context that mobilizes the charitable gaze and the medical model to signify impaired bodies at the expense of the recognition of disabled identity. In order to deconstruct ableism and to recognize and respect the value of the disabled identity, a politics of recognition is required. 相似文献