微妙地使用权力

要想实现一个人的目标，至关重要的一点就是要学会有效地利用自己手中的权力。在完成了与苏联的裁减核武器条约谈判，并主持过Bechtel公司的工作之后，乔治·舒尔茨开始真正彻底地理解了权力的内涵。他的建议是：“不要害怕权力，但一定要学会对它负责。”     

An evaluation of the use of diaries in a study of medication in later life

This paper is based upon our experience of commissioning diaries to be kept by research subjects. First the paper reviews some previous research based on diaries, then it outlines the aims of our research and the method of data collection. Then the paper goes on to evaluate the design and use of a diary that participants in our research completed. In particular we consider the ways in which the diary may have biased our sample, caused the participants difficulties and generated poor data. There is also a discussion on how it may have affected behaviour and on the ethical issues that are raised by commissioned diaries. In conclusion, observations are made about the strengths and weaknesses of diaries as an investigative tool with a wider applicability. The diary proved particularly revealing and we recommend that other researchers consider diaries as a method of investigating everyday life.     

An Analysis of Nonlinearities,Heteroscedasticity, and Functional Form in the Market Model

Using a generalized specification of the single-index market model, this study examines the sources of statistical anomalies previously found in estimating the market model. Two generalized models are developed for juxtaposition with the traditional linear specification. The most general model is a Box–Cox model with different λ's and heteroscedastic errors. The empirical results indicate that previous findings of significant “nonlinearities” are primarily attributable to nonnormalities and unequal variance.     

WHAT ARE THE SOCIAL COSTS OF GAMBLING?: THE CASE OF THE QUEENSLAND MACHINE GAMING INDUSTRY

Gambling has frequently been blamed for contributing to a range of social and economic problems for players and their families. The introduction of gaming machines (more commonly referred to as “poker machines” or “pokies”) to clubs and hotels in Queensland in 1992 attracted such criticism. This paper presents data from a survey conducted in Brisbane in May 1994, funded by the Department of Family Services and Aboriginal and Islander Affairs, which seeks to assess the characteristics of gaming machine players and to evaluate the extent to which players and their families seem disproportionately likely to experience social and economic difficulties. The survey led to a number of noteworthy findings, many of which challenge conventional stereotypes concerning the characteristics of players and the consequences of their playing. Firstly, men, the young and those in employment are disproportionately likely to be players. Secondly, playing is spread evenly across different occupations and levels of educational achievement. Thirdly, most players appear not to play very often or spend very large amounts of money. Fourthly, while there is evidence that money is being diverted from necessities to machine gaming, there is virtually no evidence of an association between machine playing and economic hardship.     

Prisons and Panopticons

This article concerns a number of aspects of the history of social policy during the nineteenth century. In particular it argues that the five stage model of development proposed by Dr Oliver MacDonagh in 1958 has been somewhat too peremptorily dismissed by historians, and it uses the prison system between 1777 and 1877 as a test of each stage of the model as far as this part of the social administrative system is concerned.
In addition MacDonagh's views on the part of Jeremy Bentham in the changes which occurred in social policy in the nineteenth century were also said to be invalid and thus an attempt is made to illuminate further Bentham's role in prison reform.
The article therefore sets out to test MacDonagh's thesis in one particular area of development and suggests that as far as prisons are concerned it throws a good deal of light upon the processes of change which occurred.