Asymptotic properties of the maximum-likelihood estimator for a class of birth-and-death processes admitting a unique stationary distribution

The asymptotic properties of the maximum-likelihood estimator of the parameter vector for a class of birth-and-death processes admitting a unique stationary distribution are studied. Also, it is shown that identifiability of the parameter vector with respect to the likelihood implies that the Fisher information matrix is of full rank. Two special cases of biological interest are presented. One of these, the exponential birth-and-death process, is proposed as a more appropriate model of density dependence than the logistic process.     

Rural policy into the 1990s — Self help or self deception

Self help has increasingly become a popular policy option in the search for solutions to the problems of deprivation in rural Britain, although there is little evidence to suggest that this approach has ever been the subject of vigorous analysis or evaluation.Although a number of arguments have been advanced in support of self-help policies, such justifications often owe more to popular imagery than to any objective or robust evaluation of a range of policy alternatives. Indeed, this paper suggests that many of these supporting arguments are based on false images of the structure of rural society and of the real causes of rural deprivation.Despite a growing volume of objective evidence which emphasises the limitations of self help policies, however, the paper argues that they will continue to proliferate because they have now become a powerful factor on the legitimation of the social and economic policies of central and local government in Britain. They have also become a powerful legitimising force for a growing number of rural statutory and non-statutory agencies whose existence depends to varying degrees on the political and financial support of central and local Government.     

Postconflict Reconciliation: Intergroup Forgiveness and Implicit Biases in Northern Ireland

Even after a conflict has formally ended, there is still a need for postconflict reconciliation and the building of mutual forgiveness and trust between communities. This article addresses psychological processes crucial to moving beyond a history of violent sectarian conflict in Northern Ireland. We investigated the predictors of intergroup forgiveness, in terms of intergroup emotions, infrahumanization, empathy, and intergroup contact. Intergroup trust and measures of implicit intergroup bias were also explored in this area of real intergroup conflict. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for postconflict reconciliation in Northern Ireland and other conflict areas.     

Dual commitment: Unique construct or epiphenomenon?

Research on dual commitment has been criticized for failing to establish that dual commitment is a unique construct with significant explanatory power beyond that of employer commitment and union commitment. Using data for a sample of shop stewards, this analysis shows that dual commitment does have unique predictive power for steward grievance processing behaviors and grievance procedure outcomes. Consequently, models relating employer commitment (in unionized settings) or union commitment to behaviors or outcomes will be misspecified if they do not include dual commitment as a unique construct, and statistical estimates of these models will be subject to specification bias. This research was supported by a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.     

Relational Paradox: Toward a Language of Interactional Sequences*

The author discusses and clarifies the “Theory of Logical Types” which forms the cornerstone of the “Double Bind Hypothesis.” A clear distinction is made between single sentence double binds and double binds that evolve in an interaction over time. The crucial term “metacommunication” is redefined in a manner consistent with logical type theory. The locus of message-level confusion is shifted from the messages of the sender to the arena of the communicant's interaction. Analysis of the interactional arena reveals a phenomenon which the author labels “Relational Paradox.” Several examples are given which illustrate how paradoxes can arise even if neither interactant is sending messages which are intrinsically bewildering.