Evacuation from Natural Disasters: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Research on evacuation from natural disasters has been published across the peer‐reviewed literature among several disparate disciplinary outlets and has suggested a wide variety of predictors of evacuation behavior. We conducted a systematic review to summarize and evaluate the current literature on demographic, storm‐related, and psychosocial correlates of natural disaster evacuation behavior. Eighty‐three eligible papers utilizing 83 independent samples were identified. Risk perception was a consistent positive predictor of evacuation, as were several demographic indicators, prior evacuation behavior, and having an evacuation plan. The influence of prior experiences, self‐efficacy, personality, and links between expected and actual behavior were examined less frequently. Prospective, longitudinal designs are relatively uncommon. Although difficult to conduct in postdisaster settings, more prospective, methodologically rigorous studies would bolster inferences. Results synthesize the current body of literature on evacuation behavior and can help inform the design of more effective predisaster evacuation warnings and procedures.     

Organizational construction of intrinsic motivation

Some psychological theorists claim that the worker's level of intrinsic motivation or alienation stems from the meeting between universal drives and personality characteristics and the material attributes of job tasks. Social theorists—focusing on organizational socialization and cultural practices—emphasize the firm's capacity to manipulate the meaning of a task independent of its material qualities. This social construction of a task's meaning may shape the intrinsic rewards a worker associates with it. Little empirical evidence exists that clarifies the conditions under which the psychological or the social model holds, particularly the conditions under which socialization practices within the firm can shape the worker's level of intrinsic motivation associated with specific tasks. We argue that the intrinsic value associated with a task is determined by its centrality to and fit with the organization's normative social and technical structure. Based on a study of eighty-four staff members within a bureaucratic organization we found that workers perceived high levels of intrinsic value for tightly controlled and routine tasks when the firm's rationalized methods of organizing were seen as legitimate. This interaction operated independently of the direct (usually negative) influence of task control on intrinsic value. A contingency model of intrinsic motivation is proposed, taking into account both the material structure of a work task and its fit with the firm's social and technical structure. Here the perceived legitimacy of the organization's structure conditions whether tightly controlled and routine tasks are viewed as alienating or as intrinsically motivating.     

A self psychological approach to the treatment of gay men with AIDS

This paper applies the concepts and techniques of the self psychological approach to the treatment of gay men with AIDS. The psychosocial impact of AIDS on the maintenance of self and identity for gay men is explored with an emphasis on the implications for selfobject needs being met. The author illustrates through four case vignettes attempts at satisfying the mirroring, idealizing, and alterego selfobject needs of such clients. Individual, relational, and family-focused clinical concerns are addressed.     

伦敦诺丁山狂欢节发展中的戏剧和政治

本文以英国北肯色诺顿丁山狂欢节的精彩叙述和深入分析为线索,展示了社会象征的戏剧性过程和仪式符号承载的权力再生产状态,揭示出文化样式与社会形态之间的内在联系.本文是分析复杂文化情景的范例.它探讨了在种族、阶级、移民、贫富等交织而成的复杂社会里,人们如何认同身份,继承文化传统,利用仪式,节日创新,组织社会剧,达到娱乐自己,满足心理需要,动员群体力量,寄托信仰,表达政治渴求的目的?最后对艺术和政治应该保持何种关系才能完成这一任务作了回答.     

Book Review: Thomas McLaughlin,Street Smart Financial Basics for NonProfit Managers, 2nd edn., John Wiley,New York, 240 pp., $29.25

VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations -     

About Steaks Liking to be Eaten: The Conflicting Views of Symbolic Interactions and Talcott Parsons Concerning the Nature of Relations Between Persons and Nonhuman Objects

Reasoning on the basis of the nature of a series of characteristics of social systems, Talcott Parsons asserted that relations of persons with others are interactional, but that their relations with what he called nonsocial objects-physical and cultural objects-are other than interactional. Logical as well as common sense considerations show that persons do interact both with categories of objects. Symbolic interactionists hold that interaction of persons with nonhuman objects-their designation of what Parsons called nonsocial objects-occurs during the course of the persons taking the roles of such objects internally with presumed mutuality, that is thinking about them, and interpreting them as one or another of three different kinds of signs. In the symbolic interactionist perspective, the overarching background of all interaction is the active self mediating reflexively between the persons and whatever kinds of objects with which they are involved.