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排序方式: 共有237条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
11.
Bruno Cardinale Lagomarsino Matías Gutman Lucía Freira María Laura Lanzalot Maximiliano Lauletta Leandro E. Malchik Felipe Montaño Campos Bianca Pacini Martín A. Rossi Christian Valencia 《Economic inquiry》2017,55(3):1579-1584
We provide experimental evidence on the effect of peer pressure on individual behavior. Specifically, we study the effect of being exposed to an observer in a public restroom on handwashing and urinal flushing behavior. Our estimates show that being exposed to an observer increases the probability of handwashing by 13 percentage points and the probability of urinal flushing by 15 percentage points. Given that handwashing and urinal flushing have social benefits that exceed individual benefits, our findings provide support for peer pressure as an additional way of addressing the social suboptimality arising from externalities. (JEL C91, C93) 相似文献
12.
The application of ergonomics in product design is essential to its accessibility and usability. The development of manual devices should be based on ergonomic principles. Effort perception analysis is an essential approach to understand the physical and subjective aspects of the interface. The objective of the present study was to analyze the effort perception during a simulated task with different door handles by Portuguese subjects of both genders and different ages. This transversal study agreed with ethical aspects. 180 subjects of both genders pertaining to three age groups have participated. Five door handles with different shapes were evaluated. A subjective numeric rating scale of 5 levels was used to evaluate the effort. For statistical analysis it was applied the Friedman non-parametric test. The results have showed no significant differences of effort perception in door handles "A" and "B"; "A" and "D"; and "D" and "C". Door handle "E" presented the lowest values of all. In general, there's an inverse relationship between the results of biomechanical studies and the effort perception of the same task activity. This shows that door handles design influence directly these two variables and can interfere in the accessibility and usability of these kinds of products. 相似文献
13.
Anne M. Gadermann Kimberly A. Schonert-Reichl Bruno D. Zumbo 《Social indicators research》2010,96(2):229-247
This study introduces the Satisfaction with Life Scale adapted for Children (SWLS-C) and presents psychometric findings regarding
its validation. The SWLS-C was adapted from the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; Diener et al. 1985), which is one of the most commonly used measures to assess satisfaction with life in adults. Three subject matter experts
adapted the SWLS by changing the wording of the item stem and response format in order to make it more understandable for
children. A stratified random sample of 1,233 students (48% girls) in grades 4–7 (mean age 11 years and 7 months) provided
data on the SWLS-C and measures of optimism, self-concept, self-efficacy, depression, emphatic concern, and perspective taking.
The SWLS-C demonstrated a unidimensional factor structure and high internal consistency. Furthermore, differential item functioning
and differential scale functioning analyses indicated that the SWLS-C measures satisfaction with life in the same way for
different groups of children (i.e., with regard to gender, first language learned at home—English vs. other language(s) than
English—and across different grades) at the item and at the scale level. Associations between scores on the SWLS-C and demographic
variables were statistically non-significant or of small effect size. In addition, the SWLS-C showed evidence of convergent
and discriminant validity in relation to the other measures. Our results indicate that the SWLS-C is a psychometrically sound
instrument that demonstrated evidence of construct validity for this age group. Limitations and future directions are discussed. 相似文献
14.
The satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) is a widely accepted and widely used tool for measuring well-being. Although its potential
as a cross-cultural index is recognized, an introduction and systematic validation of the Hebrew version is needed. Thus,
the purpose of this study is: (1) to describe the process of developing the Hebrew version of the SWLS, and (2) to examine
its construct validity as well as its internal consistency. Four hundred and eighty seven working adults completed the following
self reported Hebrew language versions of the: (1) SWLS, (2) positive affect and negative affect scales (PANAS), and (3) the
self-rated health (SRH) scale. In addition, as way of gathering additional evidence of validity, the SWLS was completed by
proxy (i.e., each participant’s life partner or significant other). Confirmatory factor analysis supported a single-factor
structure with significant correlations between the SWLS and the rest of the measures—PANAS scores, the SRH scores as well
as the SWLS scores as measured by proxy. In addition, item-analysis supports the internal consistency of the scale. The Hebrew
version of the SWLS is a valid and reliable scale and can be utilized in the Israeli context. 相似文献
15.
Leonardo Bursztyn Florian Ederer Bruno Ferman Noam Yuchtman 《Econometrica : journal of the Econometric Society》2014,82(4):1273-1301
Using a high‐stakes field experiment conducted with a financial brokerage, we implement a novel design to separately identify two channels of social influence in financial decisions, both widely studied theoretically. When someone purchases an asset, his peers may also want to purchase it, both because they learn from his choice (“social learning”) and because his possession of the asset directly affects others' utility of owning the same asset (“social utility”). We randomize whether one member of a peer pair who chose to purchase an asset has that choice implemented, thus randomizing his ability to possess the asset. Then, we randomize whether the second member of the pair: (i) receives no information about the first member, or (ii) is informed of the first member's desire to purchase the asset and the result of the randomization that determined possession. This allows us to estimate the effects of learning plus possession, and learning alone, relative to a (no information) control group. We find that both social learning and social utility channels have statistically and economically significant effects on investment decisions. Evidence from a follow‐up survey reveals that social learning effects are greatest when the first (second) investor is financially sophisticated (financially unsophisticated); investors report updating their beliefs about asset quality after learning about their peer's revealed preference; and, they report motivations consistent with “keeping up with the Joneses” when learning about their peer's possession of the asset. These results can help shed light on the mechanisms underlying herding behavior in financial markets and peer effects in consumption and investment decisions. 相似文献
16.
Fabio Lopez Chiara Di Bartolo Tommaso Piazza Antonino Passannanti Jörg C. Gerlach Bruno Gridelli Fabio Triolo 《Risk analysis》2010,30(12):1857-1871
International regulatory authorities view risk management as an essential production need for the development of innovative, somatic cell‐based therapies in regenerative medicine. The available risk management guidelines, however, provide little guidance on specific risk analysis approaches and procedures applicable in clinical cell therapy manufacturing. This raises a number of problems. Cell manufacturing is a poorly automated process, prone to operator‐introduced variations, and affected by heterogeneity of the processed organs/tissues and lot‐dependent variability of reagent (e.g., collagenase) efficiency. In this study, the principal challenges faced in a cell‐based product manufacturing context (i.e., high dependence on human intervention and absence of reference standards for acceptable risk levels) are identified and addressed, and a risk management model approach applicable to manufacturing of cells for clinical use is described for the first time. The use of the heuristic and pseudo‐quantitative failure mode and effect analysis/failure mode and critical effect analysis risk analysis technique associated with direct estimation of severity, occurrence, and detection is, in this specific context, as effective as, but more efficient than, the analytic hierarchy process. Moreover, a severity/occurrence matrix and Pareto analysis can be successfully adopted to identify priority failure modes on which to act to mitigate risks. The application of this approach to clinical cell therapy manufacturing in regenerative medicine is also discussed. 相似文献
17.
The most influential approach of corporate governance, the view of shareholders’ supremacy does not take into consideration that the key task of modern corporations is to generate and transfer firm-specific knowledge. It proposes that, in order to overcome the widespread corporate scandals, the interests of top management and directors should be increasingly aligned to shareholder’ interests by making the board more responsible to shareholders, and monitoring of top management by independent outside directors should be strengthened. Corporate governance reform needs to go in another direction altogether. Firm-specific knowledge investments are, like financial investments, not ex ante contractible, leaving investors open to exploitation by shareholders. Employees therefore refuse to make firm-specific investments. To gain a sustainable competitive advantage, there must be an incentive to undertake such firm-specific investments. Three proposals are advanced to deal with this dilemma: (1) The board should rely more on insiders. (2) The insiders should be elected by those employees of the firm who are making firm-specific knowledge investments. (3) The board should be chaired by a neutral person. These proposals have major advantages: they provide incentives for knowledge investors; they countervail the dominance of executives; they encourage intrinsic work motivation and loyalty to the firm by strengthening distributive and procedural justice, and they ensure diversity on the board while lowering transaction costs. These proposals for reforming the board may help to overcome the crisis corporate governance is in. At the same time, they provide a step in the direction of a more adequate theory of the firm as a basis for corporate governance. 相似文献
18.
PD Dr. Sascha L. Schmidt Prof. Dr. Benno Torgler Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Bruno S. Frey 《Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft》2009,79(3):303-334
Relative income differences are likely to lead to envy within a reference group. Envy in turn influences social behavior and individual performance. While positional concerns are apparent in daily life, empirical evidence is rare in the economic literature. This paper investigates the impact of the relative income position on individuals’ performance or productivity. As ?performance“ is difficult to measure we turn to soccer players whose performance has been well documented. The broad sample covers eight seasons of the German premier soccer league (Bundesliga) between 1995 and 2004, and includes 1040 players, a salary proxy and several performance variables. The results show that player performance is strongly affected by relative income position. A disadvantage in the relative income position reduces productivity. The larger the income differences within a team, the stronger are the effects of positional concern. Team composition also significantly affects behaviour. 相似文献
19.
20.
We propose a method for the analysis of a spatial point pattern, which is assumed to arise as a set of observations from a spatial nonhomogeneous Poisson process. The spatial point pattern is observed in a bounded region, which, for most applications, is taken to be a rectangle in the space where the process is defined. The method is based on modeling a density function, defined on this bounded region, that is directly related with the intensity function of the Poisson process. We develop a flexible nonparametric mixture model for this density using a bivariate Beta distribution for the mixture kernel and a Dirichlet process prior for the mixing distribution. Using posterior simulation methods, we obtain full inference for the intensity function and any other functional of the process that might be of interest. We discuss applications to problems where inference for clustering in the spatial point pattern is of interest. Moreover, we consider applications of the methodology to extreme value analysis problems. We illustrate the modeling approach with three previously published data sets. Two of the data sets are from forestry and consist of locations of trees. The third data set consists of extremes from the Dow Jones index over a period of 1303 days. 相似文献