Exercise-related menstrual dysfunction: implications for menopausal health

Physical activity is a well recognized approach to the enhancement of general health and wellbeing in both healthy and diseased populations. However, excessive activity can result in exercise-related menstrual dysfunction (ERMD), which can adversely affect bone health and increase the risk of infertility and cardiovascular events in later life. Physicians should maintain a high awareness of EMRD in assessing health risks in the menopausal woman.     

Spirit of aging rising: cross-cutting thematic modules to enrich foundation graduate social work courses

To enrich an urban generalist MSW program serving a diverse aging community, an innovative approach was initiated. A team of students, faculty and a field instructor collaborated in creating and evaluating 3 sets of cross-cutting thematic modules. An overview of the thematic modules (addressing elder abuse, family caregiving, and mental health), integrated across multiple curriculum areas (Human Behavior and the Social Environment, Macro/Policy, Practice and Research), is presented along with results of a faculty focus group evaluating the process of coordinating module content for one full week of class per foundation area (one topic per quarter).     

人类的自救

在这个过于巨大和复杂的世界中,对数量庞大、形色各异的人群进行有效和严格的控制是行不通的.尽管我们有着最好的专家学者和最精密的电脑辅助,自然灾害仍超出了人类的理解范围.     

亚洲的HIV/AIDS水平将达到撒哈拉以南非洲的水平吗?

尽管对于任何一种致数百万人死亡的疾病都应竭尽所能地予以斗争,对本文标题所提出问题的简短回答却是:"不".我10年以前在<社会科学与医学>(Social Science and Medicine)杂志的社论中第一次阐述了这个问题,至今这一观点没有发生变化,它所依据的是近期的一些相关报告.     

隐喻的主要理论及指称述评

1.现代隐喻研究的五大流派 亚里士多德开创了隐喻研究的时代.他阐释了不同概念域的两个事物之间的联系,为后来的对比论奠定了基础.顾名思义,对比论就是拿一种事物与另一种事物相比较.据此,"Man is a wolf"相当于明喻"Man is like a wolf",只不过这里的"like"被省略了.因此,隐喻是一个简缩的明喻.     

我为什么要出版电子版学术专著?

在电子版的文献中 ,电子期刊看来发展最快 ,这可能是由于印刷版的学术刊物涨价太快的缘故。所以 ,电子期刊问题特别引起人们的关注。但是 ,对电子版学术专著的重要性也不该低估。从学术专著出版情况看 ,以英国为例 ,在过去 1 0年内(1 985～ 1 995 ) ,学术著作总量从 2 5 0 0 0种增长到45 0 0 0种 (含新版本 )。但目前关于电子版专著的情况在文献中尚未有所反映 ,为此笔者着重对英国学术著作电子版出版情况进行了调查 ,并且与北美进行了比较。在对 80种学术专著和教科书出版社的调查中 ,有 2 3家 (占总数 2 8.75 % )出版了电子版学术专著 ,5 …     

美国的科学政策

《美国的科学政策——1939到现在》一书(修订版),1972年由美国麻省理工学院出版,编者是四位历史学家.全书共分六个部分:一、导言:历史的概述,二、准备和战争,三、战后科学的规划(1945-1950),四、本世纪中叶(1950-1957),五、反应的年代(1957-1965),六、衰退中的体系(1965-1970).编者依据大量材料(其中包括许多美国官方文件),对美国自1939到1970年的科学体制和政策作了历史的论述.对我们研究美国的科学政策和体制的演变有一定参考价值.下面是本书主要内容的简要介绍.     

使战争成为神话:从越南到伊拉克

在美国历史上,总有一些政治领袖以国家的命运为名要求人们无条件地接受战争的必要性和正当性.例如,在越南战争年代,我们民族的良心受到了把爱国主义与公民责任等同于盲目地参加与支持那场战争的质问.紧接着越南战争所带来的不适是一种民族主义的苏醒,政策制定者们将军事选择视为一种可行的和具有吸引力的外交政策工具.     

Time to listen: strategies to improve hospital-based postnatal care

BACKGROUND: In Australia and internationally, women report high levels of dissatisfaction with hospital-based postnatal care. AIM: To design and implement strategies to improve hospital-based postnatal care at a Sydney metropolitan hospital. METHOD: This was an Action Research study. In Phase One, midwives considered the literature and participated in group discussions and interviews to determine their perceptions of postnatal care and the factors that facilitate or hinder the provision of quality care. In Phase Two, midwives participated in 12 working group meetings to design strategies to improve care. RESULTS: Several important principles of postnatal care were described, including building a relationship with women, meeting their individual needs, being flexible in approach and providing continuity of care. 'Listening to women', 'being there,' and 'normalising experiences and expectations' were believed to be critical to achieving these principles. A key strategy 'One to One Time' was designed to provide women with an uninterrupted period of time each day with a midwife who was available to listen to their needs and concerns and discuss issues related to their health and that of their baby. CONCLUSION: Midwives designed and implemented strategies that they believed would improve in-hospital postnatal care.     

"Show me your impact": evaluating transitional justice in contested spaces

This paper discusses some of the most significant challenges and opportunities for evaluating the effects of programs in support of transitional justice - the field that addresses how post-conflict or post authoritarian societies deal with legacies of wide spread human rights violations. The discussion is empirically grounded in a case study that assesses the efforts of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and one of its Guatemalan partners to evaluate the effects of a museum exposition that is attempting to recast historic memory and challenge racist attitudes in post-conflict Guatemala. The paper argues that despite the increasing trend to fund transitional justice programs, many international aid donors are stuck in traditional and arguably orthodox paradigms of program evaluation. This is having a negative effect not only upon the administration of aid but also upon how transitional justice research is perceived and valued by local populations. The case study experience indicates that there is no perfect evaluation model or approach for evaluating transitional justice programming - only choices to be made by commissioners of evaluation, evaluators, and those being evaluated. These are profoundly influenced by the extreme politics and moral values that define transitional justice settings as contested spaces in which calls to remember the tragic past must be balanced with aspirations to re-build a hopeful future.