The Decline of marital fertility in Japan

Summary Studies concerning the demographic history of Tokuwara and Meiji Japan suggest that fertility rose substantially before declining during the twentieth century. Were the motivations and circumstances which held down natality during the feudal period similar to those which account for the modern fertility decline and the low birth rate obtaining in the Japan of to-day? The thesis of this paper is that the pre-modern situation was fundamentally different from the modern one. During the Tokugawa era infanticide and abortion were used, independently of parity, to eliminate weak offspring whose chances of survival were deemed poor. Desired natality generally exceeded natural fertility. With the rise of income per head during the Meiji period the population's need for these desparate practices vanished. To-day parity-specific control characterizes fertility. Parityspecific control was diffused throughout Japan in response to declining desired fertility. Desired fertility fell significantly below natural fertility sometime during the late nineteenth or early twentieth century and the wish to reduce actual fertility to the desired level stimulated the adoption of parity-specific control. The speed of decline in marital fertility was partially governed by official policies toward contraception and abortion, contraception and abortion.     

通过谈判争取成功砝码

回想你上次面临新的领导机遇时,出现了什么情况？不管你是受命领导团队、部门还是整个企业,你很可能通过谈判争取该职位的薪水和待遇,比如：头衔、假期及奖金,但你是否争取过在该职位上取得成功的条件呢?     

1991年诺贝尔经济学奖得主的理论贡献

学术贡献 科斯由于“发现和澄清了交易费用和产权对经济制度结构和运行的意义”而荣获诺贝尔经济学奖。科斯对于经济学的主要学术贡献包括三个方面:一是他提出了交易费用概念的雏形,并把交易费用引入经济学的分析框架之中;二是强调了交易费用、产权与经济效率的关系,构筑了产权理论的框架;三是以“科斯定理”为核心开创性地将经济理论应用到法学问题上,形成了一门新的经济学分支—法律经济学。 科斯认为市场运行是有成本的,且主要是“发现相对价格”的成本。为了进行市场交易,有必要发现准希望进行交易,有必要告诉人们交易的     

长江经济带高技术产业创新要素集聚的空间溢出效应研究

高技术产业在推动产业升级和创新驱动方面具有重要带动作用。以长江经济带11省市高技术产业为研究对象,运用空间杜宾模型,选取2006—2015年面板数据,研究创新要素集聚及其对高技术产业的空间溢出效应。研究表明：创新要素集聚的非均衡分布特征明显;除资本投入和劳动力投入外,创新要素集聚对高技术产业发展的促进作用最为显著;创新要素集聚在省域间的溢出效应大于省域内的溢出效应。     

集体记忆与民族认同——以新疆青河县哈萨克族克烈部分支阿巴克克烈部落为例

基于集体记忆所形成的共同祖先观念是强化民族认同的重要因素之一,它象征着族群社会结构的永久连续性。通过共同祖先意识把民族不同支派成员连接在一起,促使成员对本民族产生归属感和凝聚感,并借此不断强化民族认同,使其社会得以延续。本文以新疆青河县哈萨克族阿巴克克烈部落成员的集体记忆为例,结合相关文史资料,从共同祖先追溯、氏族部落社会组织传承记忆等视角探讨了哈萨克族基于集体记忆的社会延续与民族认同之关系。     

以礼为学，学以至圣 ——荀朱为学观之考察

荀子与朱子均主张为学以礼、学以至圣。荀子主张“大积靡”,朱子力推“格物致知”,均强调以经验主义的方式求知,注重循序渐进、日积月累。荀子、朱子的性论不同,但两人都强调心的认知功能及对性情的主宰作用。两人均将“心”视为连接知识与道德的肯綮,荀子主张“虚壹而静”,朱子强调“主敬涵养”。朱子的“主敬涵养”更贴合传统儒学的礼教精神,同时又融合了佛道的修养体系,是更具操作性和理学特色的修养工夫。     

Impact of physical activity on activity of daily living in moderate to severe dementia: a critical review

The objectives of this study were to describe the different modalities of physical activity programs designed for moderate to severe dementia and to identify their impact on functional independence in activities of daily living (ADL). A critical review of randomized controlled trials related to the impact of physical activity programs in moderately to severely demented persons on ADL performance and meta-analysis of the identified studies were performed. Among the 303 identified articles, five responded to the selection criteria. Four out of the five studies demonstrated limited methodological quality. In one high-quality study, physical activity programs significantly delayed deterioration of ADL performance. The program components and ADL assessment tools vary widely across studies. Although the proposed treatments have not proven their efficiency in improving the ADL status of the patients, they were able to limit the decline in ADL functioning. Future research is warranted in order to identify clinically relevant modalities for physical activity programs for people with moderate to severe dementia.