人口流动对基督教全球传播的影响

基督教流动人口是基督教在全球传播过程中的关键因素。在基督教存在的前五个世纪,广泛的人口流动将基督教变成了全球化的信仰。广泛的人口流动在其它主要的世界宗教在世界各地的传播过程中也发挥了重要作用,但是,就基督教来说,流动可能是这种信仰固有的因素。基督教超越罗马帝国成为全球性信仰是个非常复杂的过程,包含许多不同类型的人口流动。跨国界的领袖们、俘虏、难民和流浪者、商人是人口流动的四种主要类型。虽然,东部教会传教的成功是短暂的,但是东部教会在第一个千年形成的移民传教模式无疑为21世纪的基督教提供了典范。基督教在过去的两三个世纪里再次全球化,基督信仰作为新的中心在非洲、拉丁美洲和亚洲的某些地区出现,表明"人口流动"在基督教全球传播过程中的作用比以前更加明显。当代基督教的全球化与早期基督教的全球化在发展道路上有很大不同,但有一点是不变的,即基督教的全球化仍将主要依靠流动者的行动和决策。     

从国际关系社会学到世界政治社会学

形成于20世纪下半叶的国际关系社会学是社会学的研究方向之一.其实质是将社会学的研究方法应用于国际关系研究.然而,国际关系社会学却没能成为独立的社会学门类,很多国家仍将其归属于国际关系理论范畴.随着国际进程快速发展与科学知识不断激增,出现了世界政治社会学这一新的社会学方向,并有成为独立的社会学门类的趋势.     

历史分析与比较政治

本文讨论了比较政治学中历史研究的主要分析方法.第一类是因果分析法,包括横截面分析法和样本内分析法.第二类是时序分析法,包括对路径依赖和发展顺序的分析.本文认为,历史分析与众不同的分析方法使它成为比较政治研究中有力的分析工具.     

论纵横家的历史地位与《鬼谷子》的思想价值

先秦时代的"纵横家"多出身于一般士人.他们凭借自己的丰富智慧和辩说能力走上政治舞台,参与国家事务的决策与管理.他们的出现大大地冲击了此前一千多年卿大夫职务的世袭制度,对以后的征辟与察举制乃至科举制的形成都产生了一定的影响.纵横家起于三晋,也以三晋士人为主.三晋和燕国本皆姬姓之国,相互间虽有诸侯国之间的利害冲突,但士人、贵族去此就彼,并非后代意义上的"叛国",只不过是"择主而仕".随着"一天下"思想的逐渐流行,齐、秦、楚也有了"一统"观念,所以不能以"朝秦暮楚"作为否定纵横家政治立场和道德观念的理由.《鬼谷子》是纵横家留下的唯一一部理论著作,也是我国历史上第一部在充分探索人的心理特征和心理活动规律的基础上,论述劝谏、建议、协商、谈判和一般交际技巧的书.作为我国古代外交经验和技巧的集大成之作,《鬼谷子》的学术价值应予肯定.     

丹托、历史与人类生存的悲剧

历史哲学是当代哲学的灰姑娘,哲学家们从不认为历史哲学家处理的主题关乎任何重大的理论旨趣和紧迫性。在他们眼里,历史哲学关心的问题无非就是哲学家们在别处取得的成果如何能够或者应该怎样运用到历史写作领域中,而且当代历史哲学家在改变其同事所给予的较低评价方面也少有作为。本文将论证丹托在持此种观点的历史哲学家中是一个例外,因为他关于表现的哲学可以帮助我们理解文本是如何与其对象相联系的。(20世纪)语言哲学的主要缺点无疑就是,它从不费心去探究文本的哲学奥秘。历史写作是一座哲学金矿,在这点上我们必须感谢丹托的提醒。     

Effects of unmeasured heterogeneity in the linear transformation model for censored data

We investigate the effect of unobserved heterogeneity in the context of the linear transformation model for censored survival data in the clinical trials setting. The unobserved heterogeneity is represented by a frailty term, with unknown distribution, in the linear transformation model. The bias of the estimate under the assumption of no unobserved heterogeneity when it truly is present is obtained. We also derive the asymptotic relative efficiency of the estimate of treatment effect under the incorrect assumption of no unobserved heterogeneity. Additionally we investigate the loss of power for clinical trials that are designed assuming the model without frailty when, in fact, the model with frailty is true. Numerical studies under a proportional odds model show that the loss of efficiency and the loss of power can be substantial when the heterogeneity, as embodied by a frailty, is ignored. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Time to listen: strategies to improve hospital-based postnatal care

BACKGROUND: In Australia and internationally, women report high levels of dissatisfaction with hospital-based postnatal care. AIM: To design and implement strategies to improve hospital-based postnatal care at a Sydney metropolitan hospital. METHOD: This was an Action Research study. In Phase One, midwives considered the literature and participated in group discussions and interviews to determine their perceptions of postnatal care and the factors that facilitate or hinder the provision of quality care. In Phase Two, midwives participated in 12 working group meetings to design strategies to improve care. RESULTS: Several important principles of postnatal care were described, including building a relationship with women, meeting their individual needs, being flexible in approach and providing continuity of care. 'Listening to women', 'being there,' and 'normalising experiences and expectations' were believed to be critical to achieving these principles. A key strategy 'One to One Time' was designed to provide women with an uninterrupted period of time each day with a midwife who was available to listen to their needs and concerns and discuss issues related to their health and that of their baby. CONCLUSION: Midwives designed and implemented strategies that they believed would improve in-hospital postnatal care.