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71.
Disadvantage and Discrimination Compounded: the experience of Pakistani and Bangladeshi parents of disabled children in the UK 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Qulsom Fazil Paul Bywaters Zoebia Ali Louise Wallace Gurnam Singh 《Disability & Society》2002,17(3):237-253
This paper discusses a qualitative and quantitative study of the circumstances of 20 Pakistani and Bangladeshi families with one or more severely disabled children living in Birmingham, England. Parents and other adult carers were interviewed using a combination of structured questionnaires and a semi-structured interview schedule focusing on the families' material circumstances, their use of formal services, informal care arrangements, and aspects of the parents' social and psychological well-being. The study suggests that previous national surveys of disabled families may have under-estimated the extent of material disadvantage, while it confirms that health and social care professionals should not assume that Pakistani and Bangladeshi parents have recourse to high levels of extended family support. The combination of disadvantaged circumstances and difficulties in securing access to appropriate services, which are found for the majority of families with a disabled child, was particularly acute for these ethnic minority families, suggesting the additional dimension of institutional racism. 相似文献
72.
Using unskilled labor wage rates and union contract scores derived from a sample of 500 U.S. manufacturing contracts, this
study finds that in 1975 there was considerable variation in unions’ abilities to deliver higher wages and desirable nonwage
contractual provisions to their members (though it is clear that the stronger unions have bargained high levels of both wages
and nonwage items). There are a variety of union power, employee quality, union preference, and employer cost variables which
impact upon the bargaining choices made between wages and nonwage provisions, and it appears that union strength tilts the
compensation package toward wages.
The authors, associate professors at the University of Illinois, are very grateful to Christopher Pawlowicz, Ronald Seeber,
and Roger Wolters for their help in gathering data. They also are grateful to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy,
Evaluation and Research of the U.S. Department of Labor and to the Research Board of the University of Illinois for financially
supporting this research. Such support in no way implies, however, that the Department or the University endorses the methods
or conclusions in this study. 相似文献
73.
Multiple studies have concluded that manual patient transfer and repositioning techniques are a significant cause of low back injuries. The objective of this study was to compare the low back stresses resulting from the use of two different mechanical patient transfer assist devices with the use of traditional manual transfer techniques. The mechanical transfer systems used were the Barton Patient Transfer System and a Sling-Suspension Lift similar to a "Hoyer Lift". The back compressive forces derived using the Michigan 3D Static Strength Model (Version 4.0) and electromyography (EMG) of the muscles of the low back were compared. This study found that the mechanical assist devices placed less stress on the low back and were more desirable to use than the traditional manual techniques. The Barton System was found to be, in general, less hazardous and more preferred than the Sling Suspension Lift. 相似文献
74.
The effectiveness of the main policy instrument targeting support at farmers in disadvantaged areas of the UK from 1976 to 2000 (the Hill Livestock Compensatory Allowance Scheme) is evaluated for Northern Ireland, using recursive linear programming models and input–output analysis. Capital, income and employment effects of the Scheme in its latter years are estimated and assessed against declared policy objectives. It is estimated that average farm cash incomes would have been between 17 and 31 per cent lower in the absence of HLCA payments, while farmer net worth would have fallen by approximately 1 per cent annually. In aggregate, some 1000 jobs were sustained by the Scheme and incomes and profits in the region were boosted by £9 million each year. The main economic effect arising from the introduction of a successor area-based subsidy, will be a redistribution of payments from farms with relatively high stocking rates (predominantly larger units) to those operating more extensively (mostly smaller, part-time farms). 相似文献
75.
Cette étude analyse les salaires des avocats et explore si, et pourquoi, les hommes et les femmes reçoivent un traitement salarial différent. Un modèle, tiré de la théorie du human capital et de la théorie de la segmentation des occupations, est proposé. Malgré le fait que le sexe des avocats n'a pas d'effet direct sur leur salaire, les femmes sont désavantagées par rapport à plusieurs facteurs qui augmentent de façon significative les salaires de leurs collègues masculins. Plus spécifiquement, les avocates ont moins d'expérience dans la pratique du droit, travaillent des heures plus courtes, sont moins nombreuses à avoir des enfants d'âge préscolaire et ont moins d'autonomie dans leur travail que leurs homologues masculins. Les résultats demontrent aussi que les avocats et avocates ne sont pas rémunérés différemment pour leurs investissements en capital humain, mais nous suggérons que la discrimination salariale opère de façon plus subtile. Nous faisons aussi des recommandations quant aux recherches à venir. This study examines lawyers' earnings and explores if and why male and female lawyers are differentially rewarded. A model is proposed that draws from human capital theory and occupational segmentation theory. Although lawyers' sex does not have a direct impact on earnings, women were found to be disadvantaged along many of the factors that significantly increased lawyers' earnings. Specifically, women in law have less experience practising law, work shorter hours, are less likely to have preschool‐aged children, and have less job autonomy than their male counterparts. The results also show that male and female lawyers are not differentially rewarded for their human capital investments, but we suggest that pay discrimination may be operating in more subtle ways. Recommendations for future research are presented. 相似文献
76.
Manjong Lee Neil Wallace Tao Zhu 《Econometrica : journal of the Econometric Society》2005,73(3):949-960
Previous work on the denomination structure of currency treats as exogenous the distribution of transactions and the denominations held by people. Here, by way of a matching model, both are endogenous. In the model, trades in pairwise meetings alternate in time with the opportunity to freely choose a portfolio of denominations and there is a trade‐off between the benefits of small‐denomination money for transacting and the costliness of carrying a large quantity of small‐denomination money. For a given denomination structure, a monetary steady state is shown to exist. The model implies that too small denominations are abandoned. 相似文献
77.
Jacqueline A. Aitkenhead-Peterson Nurun Nahar Cara L. Harclerode Nina C. Stanley 《Urban Ecosystems》2011,14(2):195-210
The use of state factors can adequately describe the biogeochemistry and geochemistry of relatively undisturbed surface waters.
Watersheds with increasing proportions of urban and suburban land use, particularly in sub-tropical, semi-arid and arid urban
areas, that utilize irrigation for turfgrass and landscaping may have a low flow urban signature that relates to the source
water used by municipal water suppliers. We examined thirteen watersheds; four with waste water treatment plants (24–67% urbanization),
four rural (< 30% urbanization) and five urban (> 30% urbanization) in a humid sub-tropical oak savannah in south-central
Texas. Three of our urban and one of our rural watersheds displayed the signature of municipal tap water. Three out of four
watersheds with waste water treatment plants displayed the signature of treated sewage effluent. We suggest as a result of
this study that the chemistry of municipal tap water particularly that with high sodium and bicarbonate, used in urban watersheds
for irrigating turfgrass and landscapes may have detrimental effects on base flow stream water quality after it has interacted
with watershed soils. 相似文献
78.
79.
Preliminary data on the test criteria of the Chinese version of the Multidimensional Orientation Toward Dying and Death Inventory (MODDI-F/chin) are presented. Data from a sample of Hong Kong college students (N = 256) revealed internal consistencies of the eight subtests between .68 and .91, on the whole favorable shape of frequency distributions, and evidence of construct as well as differential validity of the instrument. The use of the full set of 47 items is recommended for the time being. 相似文献
80.
Eahab?Elsaid Wallace?N.?Davidson IIIEmail author Xiaoxin?Wang 《Journal of Management and Governance》2011,15(2):187-205
We propose that outside CEO candidates will have greater bargaining power than insiders. As a result, outside CEO successors
will likely receive greater total compensation than inside CEO successors. Outside successors, meantime, pose more risk to
the hiring firm than inside successors due to higher information asymmetry. As a result, outside successor compensation packages
are tilted towards more performance-related pay-at-risk, while inside successor packages have a higher percentage in salary.
In addition, outside successors may want to utilize the structure of their compensation at their previous firm in their new
contracts. Using a sample of 99 firms with outside successors who were not CEO in their prior firms, matched by industry and
size to firms that hired inside candidates, we find evidence supporting these hypotheses. 相似文献