论环境侵权社会责任的应然状态

环境侵害经由对个体的损害而必然扩展到对社会整体利益的损害,已经不是个体依据权利处分原则可以决定是否请求救济的问题,而是要求任何社会个体必须为整体利益自觉进行维权的社会责任。本文以此为出发点,界定了环境侵权社会责任的含义,评价了环境侵权社会责任的功能优势,构想了环境侵权社会责任的实体制度,提出了环境侵权社会责任的诉讼保障机制,进而得出环境侵权社会责任在应对环境危机中具有理论和实践双重价值的结论。     

Four case studies to highlight some opportunities and challenges in developing anti‐bacterial and anti‐fungal agents

Since the first properly randomized control trial of streptomycin for pulmonary tuberculosis in the late 1940s, society has made great advances in combating bacterial infections and in developing vaccines to prevent such infections. One constant challenge that anti‐bacterial clinical development must grapple with is to determine the potential benefit of newer agents over existing agents, in an era when anti‐bacterial resistance is a constantly shifting target. By contrast, the development of anti‐fungal agents went into high gear only in the late 1980s and early 1990s in an effort to manage fungal infections in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, especially in patients with haematologic malignancies, bone marrow transplantation, or lymphoma. The pursuit of anti‐fungal agents intensified with the AIDS epidemic. The evaluation of anti‐fungal agents often faces complications brought on by competing risks in situations where the underlying infections are associated with a high chance of mortality or severe morbidity. In this paper, we use four case studies to illustrate some of the challenges and opportunities in developing anti‐bacterial and anti‐fungal agents. The illustrations touch on not only statistical issues, but also issues related to the availability of new anti‐bacterials in the future. Some suggestions on how statisticians could take advantage of the opportunities and answer to the challenges are also included. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

行政权自我规范下行政执法风险防范研究

行政执法风险防范是推进我国行政法治建设的重要环节。在行政权力的专业性、复杂性、广泛性日益突出的背景下,我们迫切需要将行政执法风险防范的视角从行政权力运行的外部环境转向行政权力运行的内部环境。从行政权自我规范的视角防范行政风险,首先要加快行政执法队伍职业化建设,提升行政执法人员素质,其次要创新行政执法形式,摆脱行政权“一权独大”的格局,还要建立健全行政执法内部责任机制,加强对行政权违法行使的监督力度。只有将预防和规范结合起来,才能够真正将行政权自我规范的优势凸现出来。     

On‐Shelf Availability,Retail Performance,and External Audits: A Field Experiment

A potential answer to retailer's shelf out‐of‐stocks (OOS), where the item is in the store but customers cannot find it, is to employ third‐party service providers to execute audits and corrections. However, given the nontrivial cost of executing external audits, it is still necessary to assess whether external audits are capable of reducing shelf‐OOS, whether they can be performed in an economical way, and whether the benefits from the audits translate into higher sales. In an effort to address these questions, we partnered with a product manufacturer and a retail service provider and conducted a field experiment in a national retailer's store set. We used transactional data to detect abnormal operations and respond to possible shelf‐OOS by sending auditors to correct empty shelves and incorrect inventory records. At the conclusion of the experiment, we found that Stock Keeping Units in the treatment group were less likely to have shelf‐OOS and inventory record inaccuracies, and that our intervention had a positive effect on sales. Furthermore, we found that the external audit initiative is economically viable since these improvements required low auditing efforts after a transitional period, and in steady state the cost of running the program is a small fraction of the benefits it generates. We discuss the limitations of our study and the implications of our findings for researchers and practitioners.     

论党的第一代领导集体的科学立宪理念及其当代价值

党的第一代领导集体在总结旧中国立宪经验和教训的基础上,广泛吸取苏联以及其他各国的立宪成果,从立宪主体、立宪程序、立宪内容和立宪结构等方面树立了科学立宪理念。并以这种科学立宪理念为指导,领导人民制定了1954年宪法。党的第一代领导集体的科学立宪理念,对于党依宪执政仍然有重要的价值。     

利益相关者主体性视域下新生代农民工社会保障研究

论述了政府主体性、农民工个体及用人单位主体性发挥在构建新生代农民工社会保障制度方面的重要作用,分析了利益相关者主体性的缺乏导致新生代农民工社会保障制度覆盖率低、退保率高、保障效果差、统筹层次低的原因,提出新生代农民工社会保障制度的构建必须维护政府、用人单位和新生代农民工等利益相关者的主体性地位。     

“民工荒”视阈下新生代农民工就业研究

持续不断加剧的＂民工荒＂为新生代农民工的就业提供了有利的条件,但新生代农民工就业的整体环境并没有发生根本改变。他们仍然面临着就业技能缺乏、就业市场竞争激烈、就业制度化壁垒稳固、就业保障机制不健全等。新生代农民工就业环境的改变需要提升其就业技能、增加就业机会、消除就业壁垒、完善就业保障机制等,这就需要政府、企业、社会和新生代农民工群体共同的努力才能有效解决。     

Impact of Value‐Added Service Features in e‐Retailing Processes: An Econometric Analysis of Web Site Functions

We examine the impact of three classes of Web site functions (foundational, customer‐centered, and value‐added) upon e‐retailer performance. Using secondary panel data for 2007–2009 on operating characteristics of over 600 e‐retailers, our econometric analysis finds that only the value‐added service functions are positively associated with changes in e‐retail sales revenues across time. We also observe a decreasing marginal impact of deploying additional value‐added service features. To account for possible alternate explanations, we control for firm‐ and time‐specific fixed effects, merchant types, merchandise categories, and order fulfillment strategies. By further decomposing e‐retail sales revenues into Web site traffic, conversion rate, and average order value, we find that Web site functions affect e‐retail sales revenues mainly through their impact on Web site traffic. Our investigation demonstrates the empirical research usefulness of the Voss conceptual e‐service sand cone model. Our results identify for managers where to focus ongoing e‐retailing system development efforts, yet suggest that focusing too many retailing capabilities on exploratory and experimental value‐added service features may backfire, potentially leading to worsening e‐retailer performance.