Subgroup analyses in cost‐effectiveness analyses to support health technology assessments

‘Success’ in drug development is bringing to patients a new medicine that has an acceptable benefit–risk profile and that is also cost‐effective. Cost‐effectiveness means that the incremental clinical benefit is deemed worth paying for by a healthcare system, and it has an important role in enabling manufacturers to obtain new medicines to patients as soon as possible following regulatory approval. Subgroup analyses are increasingly being utilised by decision‐makers in the determination of the cost‐effectiveness of new medicines when making recommendations. This paper highlights the statistical considerations when using subgroup analyses to support cost‐effectiveness for a health technology assessment. The key principles recommended for subgroup analyses supporting clinical effectiveness published by Paget et al. are evaluated with respect to subgroup analyses supporting cost‐effectiveness. A health technology assessment case study is included to highlight the importance of subgroup analyses when incorporated into cost‐effectiveness analyses. In summary, we recommend planning subgroup analyses for cost‐effectiveness analyses early in the drug development process and adhering to good statistical principles when using subgroup analyses in this context. In particular, we consider it important to provide transparency in how subgroups are defined, be able to demonstrate the robustness of the subgroup results and be able to quantify the uncertainty in the subgroup analyses of cost‐effectiveness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水利企业建立现代企业制度研究

水利企业建立现代企业制度并不一定要把所有的企业都改造成股份制企业 ,应根据企业提供产品的性质和企业所处生产领域的不同 ,选择不同类型的企业模式 ,并不断创新。     

Middle‐Class African American Parents’ Conceptions of Parenting in Early Adolescence

Conceptions of parenting were examined in 87 middle‐class African American parents (87 mothers and 51 fathers) of early adolescents (M= 13.11 years of age). Using semistructured interviews, parents were queried about two developmentally salient issues of early adolescence: parental limit‐setting and adolescent independence. Parents primarily defined firm limits in terms of nonnegotiation, strongly endorsed setting firm limits regarding a range of issues, and justified the importance of limits by focusing on adolescents’ socialization and psychological development. Mothers rated limiting adolescents’ behavior as more important than permitting or encouraging adolescents’ independence. Limits were seen as more important by mothers of younger rather than older early adolescent females, but mothers encouraged independence more for younger rather than older early adolescent males. Mothers permitted independent decisions regarding a limited range of issues such as clothes and appearance, based on psychological concerns with adolescents’ developing autonomy and competence; they encouraged independence primarily by encouraging greater responsibility. The results demonstrate that there is considerable heterogeneity in African American parents’ beliefs and goals about parenting in early adolescence.     

宪法与宪政的二重分裂——读乔万尼·萨托利《“宪政”疏议》

从“宪法”与“宪政”的语义分析带来对“宪法”与“宪政”二者关系的更深层次的思考。保障性宪法的如何证成、保障宪法的保障作用能否发挥、保障宪法的条件能否接受成为我们识别真伪宪法的标准，也是宪法与宪政能否合而为一的关键。     

价格底线、谈判势力与中国煤电关系

煤电关系的实质是一种以合作为目标的谈判博弈关系,因而煤电冲突的解决也应以合作为前提.我国煤炭企业和发电企业之间谈判的空间取决于双方各自的价格底限,而交易价格的最终达成取决于双方谈判势力的相对大小.电煤市场的供求状况会改变双方的价格底线,但对谈判空间没有实质性影响.我国煤电冲突的根源并不在于电煤市场的短缺,而是煤电双方基于市场势力和政府背景两方面获得的谈判势力,减少政府对煤电关系的不合理干预是解决煤电冲突的可行之路.     

社会化媒体下顾客契合研究综述

顾客契合研究的必要性及其对企业的现实指导意义是服务营销领域近年来快速发展的研究主题。回顾社会化媒体下顾客契合的概念发展及理论基础,分别从测量维度、形成前置因素及对结果变量的影响等方面对相关文献进行回顾和梳理,阐释未来可能的研究方向。     

论地方政府立法的权限与范围

地方人大与地方政府立法权限的划分是地方立法研究中的一个重要问题。现代行政国家的不断发展和行政事务的日益增长,加之行政机关所具有的专业性、具体性和便捷性等立法优势,使得地方政府立法的增加成了一项无法阻挡的必然趋势,因此其立法的权限和范围不应再按照旨在对其进行限制和缩减的根据原则来划定,而应当遵循放宽束缚的不抵触原则,以满足复杂多样的行政事务对规章制度的要求。由此带来的消极因素则应通过完善地方政府的立法程序和监督机制加以弥补。     

Approximated distributions of the weighted sum of correlated chi-squared random variables

We study the asymptotic behavior of the weighted sum of correlated chi-squared random variables. Both chi-squared and normal distributions are proved to approximate the exact distribution. These two approximations are established by matching the first two cumulants. Simulation comparison is made to study the performance of two approximations numerically. We find that the chi-squared approximation performs better than the normal one in the study.     

终极股东社会资本控制链的存在与动用——来自中国60家上市公司的证据

上市公司终极股东通常可以同时动用股权控制链和社会资本控制链来获取并强化其对上市公司的终极控制.本文通过对沪深两市共60家上市公司的其他主要大股东、董事和经理人员进行问卷调查,并对所获得的480份有效问卷的数据进行相应的实证分析,验证了在我国上市公司的治理实践中,终极股东普遍存在着动用社会资本控制链来获取并强化其终极控制的现象.并且,终极股东在强化其对上市公司股东大会、董事会和经理层的控制过程中所动用的社会资本存量并不一致:对其他主要股东动用的社会资本最高;其他董事次之;非直接委派的经理人员最少.不同性质的终极股东动用社会资本及由此所产生的影响也存在着明显的差异.     

论职业道德建设的经济功能

职业道德是以协调个人、集体与社会的关系为核心的职业行为准则和规范系统。在现代社会 ,职业道德是一种高度社会化的角色道德 ,它不仅是社会道德系统中的一个有特色的、起中坚作用的道德层面 ,而且是最能够与文化建设、经济体制、法制建设直接联系、相互配套的一个层面。社会主义职业道德建设为发展社会主义市场经济提供正确的伦理价值导向 ,是建立社会主义秩序的重要手段 ,是提高经济效益、发展生产力的重要措施。研究职业道德的经济功能 ,有助于更好地发挥职业道德的作用