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Fifth and eleventh graders in the United States (n = 175) and Japan (n = 257) were asked to describe and explain their reactions to obesity and facial disfigurement, both as a deviant member (one having these forms of morphological deviance) and as an interactant member (a normal child interacting with the deviant peer) of a group of 5 children. In the obesity scenario, the group was going shopping for clothes. In the facial disfigurement scenario, the group was having their photographs taken for the school yearbook. In both cultures for both scenarios, negative emotions predominated when students took the deviant role. As interactants, more Japanese than American respondents expressed positive and inclusive attitudes toward the deviant child. Developmental differences varied by culture. Most notable was the tendency of Japanese eleventh graders to become similar to their American counterparts in their decreasing willingness to participate with, include, and be influenced by their peers. Results are discussed in terms of Goffman's (1963) model of 'stigma' and the individualism-collectivism paradigm. 相似文献
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Shillingsburg M. Alice Powell Nicole M. Bowen Crystal N. 《The Analysis of verbal behavior》2013,29(1):51-57
Mand training is often a primary focus in early language instruction and typically includes mands that are positively reinforced. However, mands maintained by negative reinforcement are also important skills to teach. These include mands to escape aversive demands or unwanted items. Another type of negatively reinforced mand important to teach involves the removal of a stimulus that prevents access to a preferred activity. We taught 5 participants diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders to mand for the removal of a stimulus in order to access a preferred item that had been blocked. An evaluation was conducted to determine if participants responded differentially when the establishing operations for the preferred item were present versus absent. All participants learned to mand for the removal of the stimulus exclusively under conditions when the establishing operation was present. 相似文献
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Relative costs are as important as relative effectiveness when choosing between program alternatives or among a set of programs competing for scarce funds. Nevertheless, the number of cost-inclusive evaluations remains comparatively small. This article presents the results of three first-time cost-inclusive evaluations each performed by an experienced evaluator. Each evaluator performed a different type of cost-inclusive evaluation using different tobacco control programs as examples: "standard" cost-effectiveness analysis, threshold or break-even analysis, and a simulation model. Results are presented in terms of the challenges faced, and informational and insight benefits gained, as well as in terms of program cost-effectiveness. All three evaluators agreed that the benefits from performing cost-inclusive evaluations are well worth time and effort involved. They also found that this type of evaluation provides abundant information that can be used to improve program effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. 相似文献
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The potential use of strategic conflict management ( Wilcox and Cameron, 2006; Cameron, Wilcox, Reber and Shin ( in press) as a health advocacy tool in US African-American and mainstream newspapers, arguing that escalation of conflict can increase effectiveness of health-related news releases. For health communicators focusing on at-risk populations with poor health outcomes, such goals would include increased awareness of health problems and solutions, along with increased motivation arising from indignation over health disparities. Content analysis of 1,197 stories in 24 Black and 12 mainstream newspapers showed that more conflict factors were present in Black vs. mainstream newspapers, suggesting a way to strategically place health messages in news releases disseminated to newspapers that motivate at-risk publics to better health. The findings suggest that conflict factors such as racial disparity data regarding health issues may enhance media advocacy. 相似文献