Counting Child Domestic Servants in Latin America

This paper summarizes trends in the use of child domestic servants in six Latin American countries using IPUMS-International census samples for 1960 to 2000. Child domestics are among the most vulnerable of child workers, and the most invisible. They may be treated kindly and allowed to attend school, or they may be secluded in their employers' home, overworked, verbally abused, beaten, and unable to leave or report their difficulties to kin. Estimates and imputations are based on labor force and relationship-to-head variables. We find that domestic service makes up a substantial fraction of girls' employment in some countries. We also analyze trends in live-in versus live-out status and school enrollment of child domestic servants. While all child workers are disadvantaged in enrollment relative to non-workers, domestics are sometimes better off than non-domestic workers. In some samples, live-ins are more likely to go to school than live-out child domestics. In others, they are substantially worse off.     

Dissemination to research subjects: operationalizing investigator accountability

Recent articles have argued from principles of bioethics for the right of research subjects to receive the results of the studies in which they have participated. We argue that accountability is a powerful tool of meso-level analysis appropriate to reasoning about answerability in research ethics, and that it captures the responsibility of researchers to disseminate study results to research subjects. We offer the following features of the research situation as relevant to the manner of dissemination to study subject, in addition to factors already proposed in the literature (risk and impact on health outcome): (a) features of the research subject in relation to identity, personal investment, disease, and community; (b) characteristics of the research study and field of inquiry in relation to certainty and significance; and (c) relationships among the research subjects and the healthcare workers involved in their care and in the research.     

评《马克思和恩格斯政党理论的发展》

卢布尔亚那“共产主义者”出版社1984年出版了G.斯塔尼契的《马克思和恩格斯政党理论的发展》一书。该书从社会主义理论和实践两方面分析了马克思主义无产阶级政党理论的产生和发展。全书共8章,702页。作者在序言里阐述了自己研究这个课题的方法论定义。该书前3章探讨了马克思主义产生以前无产阶级的组织原则和1848年资产阶级革命之前的实际组织经验。第五章《第一国际诞生期间的社会经济关系》论述实现无产阶级政党革命作用的经济前提。最后3章探讨阶级、革命和民主以及国际主义等。     

生态危机与经济发展

近几十年来科学和技术在某些领域得到了飞速发展,这极大地提高了人类的生产能力。仅仅在美国,本世纪60年代中期就加工了大约40亿吨植物、动物和矿物原料,但其中大约55%(约23亿吨)又作为废物重新被抛回了大自然。人类活动对自然环境的影响日趋强烈,由此导致许多严重的生态与社会问题,该问题早已存在,但却未引起重视。另一方面,人类在地质学、海洋学、气象学等科学方面的知识明显落后。这些都是评价人类生产活动对环境影响程度的十分重要的领域。人类对其介入自然过程可能造成的直接与长远的后果缺乏认识,这种状况严重威胁着现代文明。环境污染是自人类存在以来就出现了的老问题。技术的飞速发展、自发的经济增长、人口的迅速增加以及过去追求最大限度利润造成的污染,把世界引向生态危机灾难的边缘: ——由化学物质和其他废弃物造成的水污染是最大的危险,据估计,今天全球每年排放的废水最已达440万立方米,受污染的是这个数量的15倍,超过现有水资源的三分之一; ——大气层日益成为大型废气贮箱,有毒气体和微粒正以越来越快的速度充满大气层。转变成废弃物垃圾箱的城市不断增多。     

A study of internal migration in England and Wales

Abstract The main trend in urban/rural migration is a continuous gain, in net terms, of towns from villages and large cities. But this is a result of two distinct migration streams associated with the process of family formation. While before marriage there is positive net migration from villages to both large cities and towns (and from large cities towards towns), after marriage there is a tendency for couples to move towards villages. This is explained by the desire of families, particularly those belonging to the middle class to move out of the urban centres to better accommodation in smaller communities. Considerable variations in migrations within and into regions are observed. These reflect the continuation oflong-term trends in internal migration (as described in Part I of this paper) in particular, population dispersal from Greater London and larger distance migration into the Southern and Eastern regions. Some social characteristics of migrants and non-migrants are compared. Associations between the intensity of internal migration on the one hand, and occupational status, education, social mobility and family size on the other are observed. An attempt is made to assess the extent of migration associated with the marriage process. Although this process increases mobility, its relative contribution to total adult mobility appears to be only slight.     

A cross-cultural comparison of death anxiety: a brief note

Data are reported from samples of undergraduates around the world who have been administered Templer's Death Anxiety Scale. Data from 24 American samples and from 16 nations were identified. Strong sex differences were found and an association between the scores of men and women.