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991.
Comparisons of factor analytic results based on a matrix of total (individual) correlations and three matrices of between-groups (ecological) correlations revealed fundamental differences in factor patterns when the unit of analysis shifted from individuals to aggregates. The major difference involved the marked tendency for a highly individualistic General Ability Factor derived from the matrix of total correlations to become more and more sociological in content as individuals were aggregated. Results are discussed in terms of their bearing on the problem of determining the "appropriateness" of a given unit of analysis, individuals vs. aggregates, for certain levels of inquiry, i.e., psychological vs. sociological. It is concluded that whether the researcher should heed the traditional warning about the use of aggregate data relationships as a basis for making inferences concerning individuals ought to depend in part on whether his interest is in psychological or sociological propositions about indivduals. 相似文献
992.
993.
We define measures of information contained in an experiment which are by-products of the parametric measures of Fisher, Vajda, Mathai and Boekee and the non-parametric measures of Bhattacharyya, Rényi, Matusita, Kagan and Csiszár. We use these measures to compare sufficient experiments according to Blackwell's definition. In particular, we prove that if δX and δY are two experiments and δX≥δY then lX≥ly for all of the above measures. 相似文献
994.
Though long suggested, subjective indicators of status inconsistency have seen little empirical use. Data from a sample survey with controls for additive status variables are used to compare objective and subjective status inconsistency with these conclusions: (1) Individuals in an “objective” state of educational-occupational inconsistency are no more likely to feel inconsistent than those whose objective statuses are aligned. (2) When considered in conjunction with vertical status dimensions, neither objective nor subjective status inconsistency is independently associated with measures of social participation; only the subjective measure is independently associated with powerlessness. (3) The joint use of subjective and objective status inconsistency concepts in future work must be carefully justified and must take into account well-substantiated but frequently ignored methodological problems. 相似文献
995.
996.
The MG-procedure in ranked set sampling is studied in this paper. It is shown that the MG-procedure with any selective probability matrix provides a more efficient estimator than the sample mean based on simple random sampling. The optimum selective probability matrix in the procedure is obtained and the estimator based on it is shown to be more efficient than that studied by Yanagawa and Shirahata [5]. The median-mean estimator, which is more efficient and could be easier to apply than that proposed by McIntyre [2] and Takahashi and Wakinoto [3], is proposed when the underlying distribution function belongs to a certain subfamily of symmetric distribution functions which includes the normal, logistic and double exponential distributions among others. 相似文献
997.
The concepts of defining contrast (DC), generalized defining relationship (GDR) and aliasing structure (AS) are now well established in the terminology of regression analysis and factorial design theory. There is no complete agreement in the literature about the meaning of regular and irregular fractional factorial designs. This paper provides a workable definition of a regular fraction from a symmetrial prime-powered factorial. It characterizes the uniqueness of the GDR for fractions from the most general factorial. Results are also présentés on the uniqueness of the GDR for regular designs, on orthogonality aspects of regular and irregular designs, and on group-theoretic generation of the complete aliasing structure. Examples are provided to illustrate the developments. 相似文献
998.
The product method of estimation (Murthy, 1964) complements the ratio method when the study variate, y, and an auxiliary variate, x, have negative correlation. However, such cases are not frequent in survey practice. This paper suggests a simple transformation of x in the more common situation of positive correlation between y and x, to permit a product method of estimation rather than a ratio method. This leads to the advantage that the bias and mean square error have exact expressions. The technique developed by Quenouille (1956) and applied by Shukla (1976) is used for making the estimator unbiased. The minimum variance situation is investigated. Two numerical examples are included. The case of negative correlation is also examined. 相似文献
999.
Distressed couples were assigned to Behavioral Marital Therapy, Communication Therapy, or a Wait-List. Treated couples demonstrated more change than controls in marital problems and general communication patterns, but not in feelings toward spouse or communication during conflict resolution discussions. Wives in treatment reported more positive change in personal, nonmarital problems than control wives. There were no overall differences between treatment groups; treated couples reported increases in marital satisfaction and communication from pretreatment to the 4-month follow-up. There was an interaction between age and response to treatment: young couples changed more in Behavioral Marital Therapy, while older couples responded better to Communication Therapy. Results are discussed in terms of the need for developing client-tailored treatment programs. 相似文献
1000.
Summary and Conclusions A case can be made that labor unions are seeking to gain control of the financial leverage of employee pension funds as a
means of offsetting a secular decline in membership which has occurred over the past twenty years and which has been accelerating.
Pension fund assets are now substantial and are growing very rapidly so that even partial or indirect influence over investment
policies could have major impacts on the economy. Unions have already achieved success on a limited scale with the pension
fund weapon. Their intention to achieve widespread influence through this vehicle is signalled by the establishment in January,
1981, of a monthly newsletter,Labor & Investments which is devoted exclusively to the union use of employee pension funds.
In sum, it is clear that the union use of employee pension funds is a very timely and significant topic. The papers that follow
may not provide definitive answers to the many questions produced by this new initiative, but they do enhance our understanding
of the issues involved. 相似文献