What types of occupations are women entering? : Determinants of changes in female representation: 1970–2000

Although a consistent body of research has demonstrated that occupational segregation is highly consequential for women's economic standing, we know little about the processes that contribute to changes in levels of sex segregation. In this study, we examine those factors that contribute to changes in the percent of women in detailed occupational categories in the United States. Since we are most concerned with the economic consequences of this type of segregation, we analyze a group of high-paying, male-dominated occupations that, if better integrated, would contribute most to earnings equality. We find that occupations to which relatively high percentages of women aspired and occupations that are growing have been experiencing above-average increases in the percentage of women, while occupations characterized by male-stereotyped task profiles have been witnessing below-average increases. Additionally, our results suggest the presence of a ceiling effect: it is easier for women to break into male-dominated occupations initially than to sustain growth. Our analysis suggests that both supply and demand-side explanations provide insight into the processes contributing to increases in the occupations that we examine, although it can be very difficult to distinguish between supply and demand-side elements; indeed they may occur simultaneously.     

试论PPC英语课堂教学模式

以先进的语言理论和教育理论为依据,吸收了国外先进的教学法的精华,我们综合创造了ＰＰＣ中学英语教学模式。这一模式打破了以教师为中心,以语言知识教学为重点的教学传统,提倡教学以学生为中心,使学生掌握英语的基础知识和为交际初步运用英语的能力,使他们成为学习的主人     

中国现代化的社会结构转型与马克思主义实践

各文明体系中社会要素的生长积累具有同步性,但社会要素作用的发挥离不开一定的社会结构.社会结构是联系社会要素和社会形态的中介环节,只有在一定的社会结构中,各种社会要素才能被汇集为一种"力",从而推动社会形态的演进.中国明代在社会要素的积累方面与西方相近,却没有像西方那样转入近现代社会,这一现象只能从社会形式即关系结构中得到解释.马克思主义在中国的实践推动了中国社会结构转型而真正迈入现代化进程.     

中国传统国家之两重性及其形成机制——兼析梁漱溟国家思想的伦理视角

现代化是个综合立体的工程,国家在其中起着不可或缺的组织协调作用。中国传统社会国家权力高度集中,而与国家权力绝对化相对的是其社会调控能力不足。因而建构近现代国家、形成个人、社会与国家之间的相对独立关系本应是中国现代化发展的重要任务和内容。清政府的着力点却完全不在于此,以致它为中国近代发展所做的全部努力都陷于失败。梁漱溟对中国传统社会结构的研究,为理解中国传统国家的形成机制提供了一个极有诠释力的视角。以这一视角观照中国当代国家问题,亦不无启迪性意义。     

心性之学与意义世界

陈来认为,宋明理学之所以成为理学,全在于它形成了一套相对稳定的话语体系。深入细致地研究这一话语体系的形成过程,有利于总结和提炼中国学术思想话语体系的构型特性。杨国荣认为,对心性和体性的关注,构成了理学的重要特点。心性之学分别从人自身的存在和人与对象关系的维度展开了对意义的追寻。向世陵认为,宋代理学所创造的"成性"说奠定了理学的本体范畴,是儒学复兴的最重要理论标志;宋代理学本体论的创立使儒学在理论上真正获得了新生。孔令宏认为,宋明理学对道家、道教的吸收,丰富了儒学的体用合一论和功夫境界论,提升了儒学的哲理思辨水平,充实了儒家的思想体系,促进了儒学的新发展。     

Language roulette – the effect of random placement on refugees’ labour market integration

Placement of refugees and subsequent labour market integration within a host country represents a key challenge for policymakers and has emerged as one of the most divisive topics in the public debate. Immigration policy in Switzerland adopts random placement of asylum seekers across its different language regions. Hence, this policy allows to estimate the causal effect of language skills on employment chances, as refugees are exogenously placed across regions where the spoken language could either match or deviate from individual language skills. The results of this ‘natural experiment’ indicate substantially higher probabilities of finding employment when asylum seekers are placed in regions with a lingua franca that matches their individual language skills. Additionally, the findings suggest that language course participation can offset the reduced likelihood of employment in cases of a language mismatch. While random placement of refugees may be desirable for political reasons, it is detrimental to the economic integration process. Thereby, the study draws relevant conclusions for a larger European immigration policy.     

Assessing the Gender Invariance of the Modern Homonegativity Scale

The measurement invariance of the Modern Homonegativity Scale (MHS) was examined among heterosexual female (n = 449) and male (n = 329) university students who were predominantly Mexican American. The MHS demonstrated full invariance of factor loadings and partial invariance of latent intercepts. At the latent mean level, heterosexual men compared to heterosexual women held more negative attitudes toward both gay men and lesbian women. There were no latent mean differences in attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women when rated by either heterosexual men or heterosexual women. The MHS can be used by heterosexual men and heterosexual women to assess their homonegativity.     

Social environments with competitive pressure: Gender effects in the decisions of German schoolchildren

Systematic differences in decision making between genders have been discovered in both competitive and pro-social environments. These contexts, however, have been previously studied in isolation while in naturally occurring settings pro-social and competitive pressures often overlap in economically meaningful ways. Here we report data from an experiment involving German schoolchildren where dictators are in one town and receivers in another. Our experiment informs decision making in social environments that include differing levels of competitive pressure. We find that competitive pressure significantly mitigates pro-sociality in boys, while it does not affect girls’ propensities to make fair decisions. This finding is robust to controlling for social and cognitive factors, and it may shed additional light on the evolutionary roots of human social preferences.     

Using GIS in community design charrettes: Lessons from a Japan–U.S. collaboration in earthquake recovery and mitigation planning for Kobe

Charrettes have become popular in the urban design field, especially for use among multidisciplinary teams of professionals and non-professional community stakeholders seeking to incorporate a rich array of expertise in short visioning activities. Geographic Information Systems are among the technologies with potential to provide sophisticated spatial information to charrette participants efficiently. This article reports on a charrette carried out jointly by teams from Kobe University and the University of Washington, Seattle, USA, using GIS to inform urban design in three neighborhoods affected by the Great Hanshin–Awaji Earthquake of 1995 in Kobe, Japan. The article describes the charrette itself, and discusses the utility of GIS, given the challenges of disaster recovery in a context of undeveloped institutions for public participation, and with participants of different linguistic and educational backgrounds. In combination with electronically storable drawing technology, GIS proved useful in enlarging the multidisciplinary and cross-cultural reach of urban design; in incorporating new layers of pre-prepared expert data, and in combining such data with dynamically-generated “advice maps” and design ideas. For GIS-based charrettes to become more widely useful in community-scale design in Japan, however, additional property-scale data need to be available.