Going solo: the social organisation of drug dealing within a London street gang

This paper presents a single case study of one street gang in one London borough. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 gang members, or former gang members, and seven practitioners. The practitioners and gang members/ex-gang members reported different perspectives on how the gang was structured and drug dealing was organised. The gang members/ex-gang members suggested that the gang is a loose social network with little recognisable formal organisation. Although individual gang members sell drugs, the gang should not be viewed as a drug dealing organisation. Rather it is a composition of individual drug dealers who cooperate out of mutual self-interest. Therefore, some gang members are best described as independent entrepreneurs while others are subcontractors looking to ‘go solo’. The seven practitioners, however, tended to describe a more hierarchically structured gang, with formal recruitment processes. This divergence of perspective highlights an important consideration for policy and research.     

党的执政能力建设和邓小平选人用人理论

党的十六届四中全会通过了《中共中央关于加强党的执政能力建设的决定》。为深刻领会和贯彻落实这一决定中的深化干部人事制度改革,建设一支善于治国理政的高素质干部队伍的要求,本文着重研究探讨了邓小平的选人用人理论的三大方面。这对于我们当前切实加强党的执政能力建设有着一定的现实意义。     

传统形而上学的价值及其限度--从"生命现象"的视角看

反思传统哲学的价值,实质上就是反思传统形而上学的价值。只有把形而上学理解为一种“生命现象”,即一种以理论形式所表达的人们超越“未成年”的幼稚状态并追求自身“成熟状态”或“理想生命”的心理定势和生命冲动。才能抓住形而上学的核心。从“生命现象”的视角出发,将使我们看清形而上学所包含的“启蒙精神”、“反思批判的自由精神”和“乌托邦精神”在促进“人的成熟”方面所具有的积极价值,同时也洞察到由于其“总体主义”、“非历史性”和“绝对主义”原则与真正的“人的成熟状态”之间的内在冲突,因此,形而上学的价值又是有限度的     

The Saving for Every Child Program in Israel: an overview of a universal asset-building policy

ABSTRACT

In 2017, the Israeli government implemented a universal child development account programme – the Saving for Every Child Program (SECP) – which establishes a personal savings account for every Israeli child and provides monthly deposits until the child turns 18. The SECP has the potential to provide substantial assets when children reach adulthood, but the benefits depend on parents’ investment choices. The unique programme’s nature presents opportunities to learn from its implementation. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the SECP, its legislative history, early findings from its implementation, and recommendations that may improve programme participation and outcomes across population groups.     

所谓"围绕规范"--续谈方法论意义上的规范宪法学

在解说性的传统方法仍占主导地位的当下我国宪法学界,方法多元化的现象也已次第呈现,"规范宪法学"或可视为其中一端.它不是完全突兀的个人构想,而是秉承了"规范(性)法学"的深厚传统以及有关"规范宪法"学说的理想;它主张适度地返回规范主义,但又不至于完全退到法律实证主义的立场;它以宪法解释学为核心的方法定位,但又涵盖更多的方法论上的视角和手段;它以三种的姿态力图"围绕规范形成思想",但又不断躬身自问"围绕"什么样的"规范"这一超"法教义学"的终极问题.     

Conservative Ideas and Social Policy in the United States

This article explores social policy development in the United States since the beginning of the George W. Bush presidency. Starting from an analysis of the discourse about compassionate conservatism at the centre of the 2000 presidential campaign and proceeding to a discussion of the meaning of the more recent ownership society blueprint, it underlines the fragmented nature of the conservative policy agenda in the United States. Yet, the article suggests that, despite this fragmentation, the ideological dominance of the right and the related absence of needed reform in key policy areas are of great significance for the future of federal social policy. Overall, the article shows how paying close attention to the nature of conservative ideas improves our understanding of social policy development in the United States. As argued, the old liberal and the traditionalist sides of American conservatism have inspired distinct yet related blueprints and reform proposals that both promote a scaling-down of existing federal social programmes and a return to traditional forms of economic security (i.e. charity and personal savings). The article underlines the relationship between these blueprints and policy drift.     

Chemical Accidents in the United States, 1990–1996

Objective. Much of the empirical work on environmental justice centers on the geographic distribution of potential chronic health risks (e.g., planned toxic releases or treatment storage and disposal facilities). Far less attention has been devoted to the geographic distribution of acute health risks that cause immediate harm. The purpose of this work is to examine environmental justice in terms of potential acute health risks by examining the distribution of serious chemical accidents across diverse subpopulations. Methods. We draw upon 1990 census data for the United States to study the relationship between the racial, ethnic, and economic characteristics of census block groups ( N = 226,398) and the presence or absence of chemical accidents that caused at least one injury, death, or evacuation for the time period of 1990–1996. The data used to map the location of the chemical accidents were obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency's Accidental Release Information Program (ARIP) database. Results. Our results indicate that the acute risk associated with chemical accidents at fixed facilities is greater for individuals living in low–income census block groups, especially when comparisons are made within the counties where the chemical accidents occur. Our results concerning race and ethnicity are less consistent and somewhat weaker. Conclusions. Although these results do not show large and dramatic effects, as have often been found in the study of the social distribution of chronic environmental risk, they do stand as one of a relatively few social analyses of social variation in exposure to acute environmental risk.     

综论天一阁的历史地位

本文从天一阁的悠久历史、藏书楼建筑的示范性、藏书的特识与文人学者互动关系诸方面以及其定位与走向的估测,进行综合论述以肯定其历史地位。     

"积极自由"与"自由个性"——柏林对马克思"自由"概念的误读

马克思的自由概念是扬弃了"积极自由"和"消极自由"的"自由个性"。由于柏林不懂得,马克思是从否定的方面去理解物化的现实的,并且强调的是"抽象的自由"和"现实的自由"之分,从而把马克思的自由概念误解为"积极自由"。在当代中国的语境中,澄清柏林对马克思的误解,科学地阐释马克思的自由概念,具有重大的理论意义和现实意义。