The abused and neglected foster child: Determinants of emotional conflict and oppositional behavior

Behavioral and emotional problems have been observed in emotionally vulnerable children in foster care under certain circumstances. A common pattern involves the unpredictable appearance of a previously absent or unavailable natural parent. Such an occurrence precipitates the reawakening of the child's ambivalent feelings toward both natural and foster parents as well as their fears of abandonment. This frequently leads to behavior that is oppositional and difficult to manage. If the foster parents find the child's behavior unmanageable, and if they are not provided with appropriate professional support during this difficult period, a crisis often follows that precipitates the child's removal from the foster home. Individual, familial, and systemic contributions to this dilemma are discussed. This article emphasizes the origins and nature of the intrapsychic dilemma faced by these children. Particular emphasis is placed on the manifestations of a conflict of loyalty, in the child, and its relationship to the oppositional behavior of these children in foster care. Additional considerations include the impact of inconsistent parenting, abuse and neglect by the natural parents, the assumption of a parental role by the child and a concomitant renunciation of the child's dependency needs, as well as an examination of the role of the foster parent's fantasy of what it will be like to parent a traumatized child.     

The politic,philosophy and practice of OR—A personal view of the issues

It is almost 50 years since Sir Henry Tizzard created the group of scientists in RAF Fighter Command who were to coin the term ‘Operational Research’. The group still exists, though its work, and the work of other defence OR groups, has changed from solving acute operational problems by the extrapolation of observed data, to an attempt at predicting the outcome of policy choices that are beyond experience. Inevitably this has forced OR further into a political arena. Yet most OR practitioners are scientists used to investigating apolitical and benign nature. In this paper the author gives a personal view of what he believes OR is trying to achieve, what practical problems and pressures have to be faced and attempts to give guidance on how to proceed.     

Racial concentration and segregation across U.S. counties, 1950–1980

By presenting race-specific population concentration indexes for U.S. counties for the 1950-1980 period, this paper updates and extends previous analyses of 1900-1974 patterns of population concentration by Duncan et al. (1961) and Vining and Strauss (1977). Declines in population concentration persisted through 1980 only among the white population. Blacks continued to experience increases in population concentration between 1970 and 1980. These racially divergent patterns of concentration in the 1970s have translated into increases in segregation between blacks and whites across U.S. counties.     

从话语权看中国特色大国外交话语的建构原则

中国特色大国外交话语体系的建构需要考虑多元文化之间的话语权竞争,结合话语传播中要素资源的利用来确定基本原则。这要求我们克服西方二元对立的话语权力观,树立社会建构主义的辩证话语权力观。我们需要挖掘中国优秀传统文化,融合其他民族的优秀文化,建立科学的中国特色外交话语理论体系,适时提出中国话题和中国方案,增强我国的内容掌控权。在参与者上,除传统外交中的政府机构和人员外,还需要组织调动各种非政府组织、企业、机构、个人参与公共外交话语活动,利用通俗方式对外方的普通民众进行潜移默化的宣传解释。在平台上,在加强对传统媒介资源的利用之外,还要充分调动书刊、影视、广告、自媒体等大众传媒手段,增强我国的媒体控制权。这些原则须置于整体外交话语体系之中,保证我国外交话语体系的建构有助于增强我国的外交话语权。     

略论图书馆法制建设

我国图书馆在当前市场经济运行体制中，面临着经费不足，队伍不稳，观念不新，效益不佳等各种各样的问题。但归根结蒂，是图书馆的法制建设问题。市场经济是法制经济，图书馆要与市场经济接轨，也必须纳入法制的轨道。图书馆亟待立法。     

本科选项式体育教学的实践与探索

通过对广东培正学院自建院以来体育教学工作的分析,该文阐述并论证当前开展本科选项式体育教学模式的可行性,分析了本科体育教学存在的问题并提出解决办法,为学院本科体育教学的发展提供依据。     

A multistate approach for estimating the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus by using data from a prevalent cohort study

Summary.  Cohort studies of individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) provide useful information on the past pattern of HIV diagnoses, progression of the disease and use of antiretroviral therapy. We propose a new method for using individual data from an open prevalent cohort study to estimate the incidence of HIV, by jointly modelling the HIV diagnosis, the inclusion in the cohort and the progression of the disease in a Markov model framework. The estimation procedure involves the construction of a likelihood function which takes into account the probability of observing the total number of subjects who are enrolled in the cohort and the probabilities of passage through the stages of disease for each observed subject conditionally on being included in the cohort. The estimator of the HIV infection rate is defined as the function which maximizes a penalized likelihood, and the solution of this maximization problem is approximated on a basis of cubic M -splines. The method is illustrated by using cohort data from a hospital-based surveillance system of HIV infection in Aquitaine, a region of south-western France. A simulation study is performed to study the ability of the model to reconstruct the incidence of HIV from prevalent cohort data.